Effect of Enzyme Concentrations on Oxygen Production

Effect of Enzyme C formerlyntrations on Oxygen ProductionThe function of an enzyme is explained by thelock and key theory the active spot of an enzyme (the lock) has a specific shape in which only the precise amount of substratum (the key) will mate forming an enzyme-substrate heterogeneous (the product).Catalase nooky speed up the decom face of atomic upshot 1 peroxide as the shape of its active site matches the shape of the hydrogen peroxide molecule. This type of reaction is an anabolic reaction (when a molecule is broken down into splendider molecules).Enzymes are able to increase the rate of reaction with out actually organism consumed in the process. Small quantities at low temperatures are able to produce results, which would normally require high temperatures and a violent reaction from any normal chemical means. Although increases in temperature may speed up the reaction, the rut will also denature the enzymes and pack them uns sidestep. All enzymes are catalysts (a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected), and they work best at pH7.As long as the concentration of the enzyme substrate (hydrogen peroxide) is much higher than the enzyme (catalase) concentration, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the catalase. This is because, as the enzyme concentration rises, the reduce of active sites that are available to act with the substrate also rises this increases the rate of product formation.My original essay was an investigation into how the temperature of barm would affect their rate of respiration. However when it came to the actual experimentation we found that the script of tarnish and the volume of yeast we were development was too great (resulting in the dye actually rising out of the U tube) this meant that I would have to scale these down. However, we soon found that by decreasing these volumes the results produced were very small so I resolved to c ompletely change my experiment instead of testing temperature, I unflinching to change the concentrations of the yeast I was using, and see how that would have an effect on the yeasts rate of respiration and and so the volume of group O evolved.Key VariablesConcentration of yeast The rate of respiration in yeast (and consequentlyly the volume of atomic number 8 evolved) may change depending on its concentrationVolume of hydrogen peroxide I am mixing this with the yeast so the catalase will cause it to decompose into water and group O theatrical role of yeast The rate of respiration may vary in different types of yeastTemperature of the room the temperature put up affect the rate of respiration for the yeast depending how hot or cold it isType of equipment the length of the rubbish saving tube can affect the volume of oxygen evolvedVolume of yeast solution The volume of oxygen evolved in yeast may differ depending on the volume of yeast solution nonsymbiotic VariableConcentr ation of yeast I am investigating how the volume of oxygen evolved from yeast (specifically the enzyme in the yeast catalase) changes when the concentration of yeast geological fault varies so it is important to change this variableControlled VariablesVolume of hydrogen peroxide since I am already changing the concentrations of the yeast I use, I must abide by the volume of hydrogen peroxide the same throughout in order to make it a bewitching testType of yeast I must use the same type of yeast throughout otherwise this could affect the amount of oxygen evolved in the yeastTemperature of the room I am loss to maintain the same temperature in the room I am conducting my experiment in to try and lay out the most precise result I canType of equipment the size and diameter of the glass delivery tube affects how the long the test lasts ultimately having an effect on the volume of oxygen evolvedVolume of yeast solution I have to keep this the same if I want to get absolute results pendant VariableVolume of oxygen evolved The volume of oxygen evolved will change depending on how much change state yeast is being mixed with the hydrogen peroxideMy predictionI think that as I increase the concentration of yeast, the amount of oxygen evolved will increase proportionally this is because as the enzyme concentration rises, the number of active sites that will be available to interact with the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) also rises increasing the rate of oxygen evolved.My experimentApparatus employGloss delivery tubesScrew clipClampRubber furnishLitre beakerInverted barrelBoiling tubePlastic syringesRubber bungGlass soul-stirring rodStopwatchExperimental ProcedureFirst, I used clamps to support the boiling tube and pr unrivaled the rubber tubing to the barrel of the 20cm3syringeThen I removed the plastic syringe, leaving the chivy in the same position, and removed the bung from the boiling tubeAfter stirring the yeast suspension (which I made by adding 10g d ried yeast to 100cm3 water I prepared it unity hour before I actually needed to use it), I used a plastic syringe to introduce 5cm3 of yeast to the boiling tubeI wherefore filled the 1cm3syringe with and placed it into positionI opened the screw clip to draw water into the barrel of the 20cm3 syringe and closed it once the barrel was full, then I injected the hydrogen peroxide into the boiling tubeI mea reliabled and record the volume of oxygen collected in the barrel of the 20cm3syringe over a period of cinque imports (I also used a stopwatch to measure how much oxygen was evolved per minute)This was repeated using 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30cm3yeast suspension in the boiling tube (with fresh samples of yeast and hydrogen peroxide)This regularity was repeated for the above three clips and a mean fair was calculated my results were recorded in a table (see my results)Using the tabulated data I plotted represents of my results before analysing themIn the above table we can see that when 5cm3 of yeast is being mixed with the enzyme substrate and an average of 4.77cm3 of oxygen is being evolved, then in theory when 10cm3 is being mixed with the enzyme substrate the volume of oxygen evolved should be double the average volume produced for 5cm3 of yeast (4.77cm3 x 2 = 9.54cm3). However, this is not the case, as actually an average of 5.33cm3 of oxygen is being evolved for 10cm3 of yeast being mixed with the hydrogen peroxide this is because part of the oxygen evolved is actually being used by the substrate for respiration this results in the curve of the line in graph 3 + 4. information analysis of all graphsIn graph 1 a pattern can be seen in the results the higher the yeast concentration, the greater the volume of oxygen is evolved. We can also see that towards the end of ferment 1 the volume of oxygen produced does not change and it becomes a straight line this might be attributed to the fact that the yeast has become saturated with the substrate. In my scat ter graph I have decided to use multinomial lines of best fit this is because rather than a linear line of best fit (which is completely straight and does not actually display the curve/steepness of the varying results) a polynomial line actually shows the curve, and allows the viewer of the graph to see how the production of oxygen actually fluctuates and changes.In graph 2 we can see that most of the oxygen evolved from the reaction passes into the collecting vessel within one minute of mixing the two reactants together. Afterwards the rate slows and only a small volume of oxygen is produced afterwards (particularly in between the third and fifth minutes). The pattern of oxygen evolution indicates that the reaction is super rapid.In graph 3 it can be seen that as I increase the concentration of yeast the volume of oxygen evolved increases proportionally this is because as the enzyme concentration increases, the number of active sites that are available to interact with the hydr ogen peroxide molecules also rises thus raising the production of oxygen.In graph 4 we can see that the error bars are very small, which means that the results produced must be very accurate (as there is not much range between the different volumes of oxygen produced per yeast suspension).ConclusionOverall, my results show that there definitely is a quantitative relationship between the concentration of yeast/catalase, and the volume of oxygen evolved the higher the yeast concentration, the higher the volume of oxygen was evolved this was because as the enzyme concentration rose, the number of active sites that were be available to interact with the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) also rises increasing the rate of oxygen evolved hence, my original prediction was correct. evaluationAll in all I would say that my experiment was a success as I had no anomalous results (so I would not need to repeat any), and my results agreed with my prediction my results were also unanimous enough to let me draw a conclusion from them. I would say that my experiment was kept fair, barely I believe that more could have been done to make sure my results were of optimum accuracy for one I could have regulated the temperature of the laboratory I conducted my results in (maybe by having a thermometer with me and making sure that the temperature more or less stayed the same). Also, when measuring the volume of oxygen evolved per minute, the results maybe could have been more accurate (as sometimes there was a delay in pausing the stopwatch, causing more seconds to be added onto the actual time taken). However, as seen in graph 4, the error bars are very small, meaning that the accuracy of my results were very precise this is most probably due to the fact that I repeated the experiment for each of my yeast concentrations three times so I could have lots of results to back up my prediction/conclusion.If I had to make any modifications to my experiment, one would be that I covered a la rger range (in call of yeast concentration) so that I could have even more results to back up my conclusion until now I dont think this would be a necessary change as I believe the results I have already firmly support my conclusion.Sometimes when I was measuring the volume of oxygen evolved per minute (for a period of five minutes) I sometimes experienced difficulty in stopping the stopwatch as soon as one minute had passed maybe if I had had two people quantify separately for me, I could have ensured that the final recorded time was accurate. Apart from that though, the rest of my equipment succeeded in making my experiment a fair test the syringes had a set amount of substrate in them, thus resulting in me correctly injecting the precise volume of hydrogen peroxide each time.I would not make any improvements to my method other than washing each syringe after use, to prevent any dislodge of contamination.