Marine Pollution Causes Effects And Control Environmental Sciences Essay

nautical befoulment Ca habits make And determine Environmental Sciences EssayThe phrase knockout metallic fixingss is employ here as a general name for metals with densities in excess of 5 g/cm3. About 15 species argon of practical concern. soggy metals may be applied to s embrocates deliberately to correct nutrient deficiencies or to kill pests. really small aggregates atomic number 18 needed to correct deficiencies, and these do non origin defilement. Repeated applications of in extreme pesticides regressing intelligent metals (for example, in sprays applied to fruit trees) may add amounts to s anoints round enough to be impose on _or_ oppressful. In contrast to organic fertiliser pesticides, heavy metals do non disappear through decomposition notwithstanding remain in spetroleum indefinitely. Additional sources of soil contamination by heavy metals argon industrial and traffic exhausts, flooding of land by colly water, sewage goop applied to land, and dis posal of different refuse.Heavy metals participate in several kinds of reactions in soils, and these act their concentrations and solubility. The metal ions slope to be bonded to soil constituents through cation exchange this may amount to solid quantities take d knowledge though concentrations in the soil solution ar ordinarily low gear. Some soil constituents seem to have specific affinities for heavy metal ions, resulting in their preferential adsorption all over much abundant cations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil solution atomic number 18 also affected by equilibria with hydroxyl, carbonate, and phosphate ions. Precipitation of heavy metals by these anions throne limit concentrations even though f standard atmospherely large amounts atomic number 18 added to soil. On the former(a) hand, well-nigh(a) heavy metal ions be strongly chelated by organic substances of low molecular weight, thitherby altering their adsorption behavior and permitting p referably soaring concentrations in the soil solution. The actual concentration in a soil is thus a function of reactions of heavy metals with a strain of soil constituents. compact disk is considered as one of the close hazardous of the heavy metals be pillow slip of its presumed strength on the development of vascular di sease. Amounts of cadmium in soils are ordinarily below 1 ppm, but values as high as 1700 ppm have been reported for come along samples collected near zinc-ore smelters. Cadmium is comm completely associated with zinc in nature, and the geo chemic substance substance relationship between the two trines to their form occurrence with Zn/Cd ratios near 900. Cadmium is slow taken up by roughly plants. Some are quite bare-ass to excess cadmium, and early(a)s are not.(ii) Chromium (Cr)This metal is a major character of the scourges of the plating industry. Cr is virulentant for plant growth solely at high concentrations. Chromium mobility within plant s is extremely low. Soil defilement by chromium is seldom a problem because it is taken up by plants as chromate, a form that hardly occurs at prevailing pH values and redox potentials.(iii) Cobalt (Co)This bottomland be highly nephrotoxic to plants. Most plant species locoweednot tolerate concentrations of carbon monoxide sinking 0.1 ppm. Usually cobalt circumscribe of soil do not exceed 10 ppm. preferential cobalt adsorption on soil constituents and fixation in cadaver mineral lattices might add to the problem.(iv) Copper (Cu)Copper is toxic to most plants at concentrations olympian 0.1 ppm. Its concentration in drinking water for gentlemans gentleman beings consumption is considered safe when not exceeding 1.0 ppm. Concentrations above 20 ppm in prevail and forage are toxic to sheep. sane copper contents of soils are around 20 ppm. Mobility and shifting of copper in soils are low because of its strong bonding with organic matter and clay minerals.(v) maneuver (Pb)Th is may accumulate in soils along roadstead from traffic exhausts and in the vicinities of lead-zinc smelters. Roadside concentrations as high as 2400 ppm have been reported. While (excessive) use of lead by mankindness and animal(prenominal)s is considered a overserious health hazard, the chief(a) path elbow room of such(prenominal) intakes is probably via surface contamination of crops and grasses (eaten by pasture animals) rather than via plant uptake. The mobility of lead in soil and plants t nullifys to be low though in some(prenominal) cases considerable uptake by plants has been find. Normal lead aims in plants range from 0.5-3 ppm. With respect to plant growth, lead perniciousness levels appear to differ considerably for different plant species.(vi) Mercury (Hg) lengthy mercury inebriety was first reported at Minamata, Japan, in 1953. As a result of the strong interactions between mercury compounds and soil constituents, displacement of mercury in forms other than vapor is usually very low. Methylation of mercury, possibly occurring in nature under limit conditions, constitutes one of the most serious hazards related to this element, because in this form mercury will accumulate easily in regimen chains. Because of this hazard, the use of alkylmercury fungicides for seed dressings has been banned in some countries.(vii) Molybdenum (Mo)This element is best known for its deficiency in definite soils. Under normal conditions molybdenum predominates in anionic form (molybdate), typesetters case to adsorption by iron oxides and hydroxides much like phosphate. While normal molybdenum content in plants is around 0.1 ppm, toxicity symptoms have been observed at levels above 200-300 ppm (dry matter).(viii) Nickel (Ni)This element tends to be highly toxic to plants. As it is easily taken up by plants when present in soils, care must be exercised in disposal of waste containing nickel. centre nickel contents in soils range from 5-500 ppm, with 100 ppm as a rough mean value. The concentration in the soil solution is usually around 0.005-0.05 ppm, and contents in healthy plants do not exceed 1 ppm (dry matter).(ix) atomic number 30 (Zn)The use of this element in galvanized iron is giganticspread. Zinc commonly occurs in soils at levels of 10-300 ppm, with 30-50 ppm as a rough mediocre range. Sewage sludges may have very high zinc contents, and the doable accumulation of zinc in soil after disposal of such wastes deserves attention. In plants, zinc will be watch over toxic at levels exceeding about 400 ppm (dry matter), where it probably come ins with the uptake of other essential elements. In soil, zinc appears to be rather mobile.Wastes and soil pollutionThe large amount of waste produced all day in towns and cities and other human settlements end up in soil. The most common kinds of wastes fundament be categorise into four types agricultural, industrial, municipal, and nu disentangle (Table 5.13).Table 5.13. Wastes an d Soil pollutionSourcesEffects gardening(i) accumulation of animal manures(ii) excessive input of chemical fertilizers(iii) illicit cast out of tainted crops on land dig and Quarrying(i) using of explosives to foil up mines(ii) using of machineries which emit toxic byproducts and leaks to the groundSewage sludgeImproper sanitation system causes sludge to leak at meet soilHousehold(i) improper waste disposal system causes waste accumulation(ii) improper sanitation systemDredged spoilsMethod of dredging at full-bo die offd land causes soil infertility, leaving the soil more than prone to outer pollutionDemolition and constructionNonbiodegradable rubbles or debris which undergo chemical reactions and increase soil toxicityIndustrialPoisonous/toxic gases which are not filtered or neutralizedControl of Soil pollutionThe chase general methods of controlling soil pollution are in use.Effluents should be decently hold deared before discharging them on to soil.Solid wastes should b e properly collected and disposed of by appropriate method.From the wastes, recovery of useful products should be done.Microbial degradation of biodegradable substances reduces soil pollution.5.5 Marine Pollution Causes, Effects and ControlThe sea, which covers around 70 per cent of the earths surface, is home to megs of angle, crustaceans, mammals, microorganisms, and plants. It is a spanking source of food for both animals and sight. Thousands of birds rely on the sea for their nonchalant food supplies. Fishermen throughout the world catch over 90 million tons of tilt every year, and in m whatever developing countries, fish is the principal source of protein.People also depend on the sea for many of their medicines. Marine animals and plants contain many chemicals that can be employ to cure human ailments an estimated 500 sea species yield chemicals that could help treat cancer.But the oceans now are in a very meritless shape. People have treated the sea as a throw out gr ound for thousands of historic period, offloading rubbish, sewage, and more recently industrial waste. Marine pollution frequently originates on land, landing the sea via rivers and pipelines. This means that coastal waters are dirtier than the open seas, with estuaries and harbours being especially badly affected. Additional pollution is in reality created at sea by activities such as dredging, drilling for oil and minerals, and shipping.Marine PollutionFor close to thirty years, most academics canvass the phenomena of shipboard soldier pollution have adhered to a definition developed by a UN body, the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), who define it asIntroduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the naval environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deadly effects as harm to alert resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to naval activities including fish, impairment of choice for use of sea -water, and drop-off of amenities.The definition has two important aspectsFirst, it is action oriented. Marine pollution results from human activity. Thus, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in the ocean root word and subsequent damage or change to the ocean ecosystems is not considered as pollution.Second, the definition is amenable to measurement. Marine pollution is harmful, and its danger can be identified in a variety of ways. For example, it is easy to see the deleterious effects that oil declines have on the sea birds and mammals that happen to support into them. Scientists likewise can readily identify various toxic substances install in the ocean environment, measure their quantities, and provide estimates of their potential danger for the health of both naval behavior and humans.The important sources of nautical pollution are shown in Fig. 5.4.ToxicsToxic waste is the most harmful form of pollution to marine creatures. Once a form of toxic waste affects an organism , it can be quickly passed along the food chain and might finally end up in seafood, create various problems. Toxic wastes stupefy from the leakage of landfills, dumps, mines and farms. Sewage and industrial wastes introduce chemical pollutants like DDT. raise chemicals (insecticides and herbicides) along with heavy metals (e.g. mercury and zinc) can have disastrous effect on marine intent.Mercury the most dangerous toxicelementTop priority is usually given to control the pollutant that poses a affright to human health, the most serious being mercury. Major sources of mercury implicate rivers, marine outfalls and direct dumping of chemical waste. Natural inputs like the weathering of mercury-bearing rocks, volcanic gases also contribute to mercury in the ocean. Dissolved mercury in the sea is adsorbed onto particulate matter and also forms stable complexes with organic compounds occurring in the sea. Inorganic mercury can be easily accumulated by living organisms.Fig. 5.4. So urces of marine pollution.A classic example of mercury intoxication happened in Minamata, a small Japanese coastal town low-level on fishing for a keep. In 1952, a nearby pulverisation producing vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde using mercuric sulphate as a catalyst dumped its wastes in Minamata bay. Typically 300-1000 g of mercury is muddled for separately ton of acetaldehyde produced, 5% of which is in the form of methyl mercury. mercurous chloride when used as a catalyst produces 1 g of methyl mercury per ton of product. Accumulated contamination was as high as 200 ppm mercury at the factory outfall.The effects began with the termination of a large number of fish in the early 1950s. This affected birds, cats, pigs, and humans.Birds lost coordination to fly. Cats were seen running in circles and foaming at the mouth. Local residents called these occurrences the disease of the bound cats. Later, the disease was termed Minamata Disease when humans began to have symptoms of met hyl mercury poisoning. otherwise Toxic MaterialsToxic materials are substances derived from industrial, agricultural, household ransacking, gardening and automotive products. They do not always kill wildlife, but they can holy terroren interior and coastal waters. Examples of toxic materials acceptDioxins come from bleaching paper, incineration of solid wastes containing PVC and other materials, and the process of making herbicides. Dioxins and related compounds degrade slowly and are toxic to marine life. They cause genetic chromosomal aberrations in marine life and are suspected of causing cancer in humans.PCBs are used in the making electrical equipments and hydraulic fluids. Developmental problems in children and reproductive problems in some other animals have been linked to PCBs. Slowly corrupting PCBs accumulate as they pass along the ocean food web.PAHs come from oil spills, road runoff, and burning wood and coal.Marine life and people suffer ill effects from PAHs. PA Hs cause genetic and chromosomal problems in fish and most marine organisms.Sewage and fertilizersThe discharge of sewage can cause populace health problems either from contact with polluted waters or from consumption of contaminated fish or mollusc. The discharge of untreated sewage effluents also produces long-term adverse impacts on the ecology of minute coastal ecosystems in local anaestheticized areas due to the contribution of nutrients and other pollutants. Pollution due to inadequate sewage disposal causes nutrient enrichment around universe of discourse centers, and high nutrient levels and even eutrophication near treatment facilities and sewage outfalls. nigh the world, untreated sewage flows into coastal waters, carrying organic waste and nutrients that can lead to type O depletion, as well as disease-causing bacteria and parasites that require closedown beaches and shellfish beds.The inadequate number of sewage treatment plants in operation, combine with poor ope rating conditions of available treatment plants, and the disposal practices of discharging mostly untreated wastewater are likely to have an adverse effect on the ocean.OilThe sites most vulnerable for accidents are areas where tankers and barges move through restricted channels and in the vicinity of ports. In spite of regulations established, tankers and barges do not always use port facilities for the disposal of bilge and tank laundry and wastes, and a significant amount of oil, which exceeds that from accidental oil spills, is discharged into the coastal areas.The impact of oil pollution on the ecology of coastal and marine ecosystems is specially destructive following massive oil spills caused by mari beat accidents. However, gas exchange between the water and the atmosphere is decreased by oil remaining on the surface of the water, with the possible result of oxygen depletion in enclosed bays where surface wave action is minimal. Coral remainder results from smothering whe n subaqueous oil directly adheres to red coral surfaces and oil slicks affect sea birds and other marine animals. In addition, tar accumulation on beaches reduces tourism potential of coastal areas. excavation and DredgingMining affects the marine ecosystem and the habitat. Mining can erode beaches, degrade water flavour, and spoil coastal habitats. Mining coral to process for lime can remove the habitat of local marine species and weakens coastal storm defense. Mined or dredged areas take a very long time to recover. Because of this, strict regulations govern the dredging of the ocean infrastructureSynthetic Organic ChemicalsMany different synthetic organic chemicals enter the ocean and become incorporated into organisms. Ingestion of small amounts can cause illness or death. Halogenated hydrocarbons are a class of synthetic hydrocarbon compounds that contain chlorine, bromine, or iodine are used in pesticides, flame retardants, industrial solvents, and cleaning fluids. The lev el of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms can concentrate these toxic substances in their flesh at higher(prenominal) levels in the food chain. That is an example of biological amplification.Marine debrisMore garbage such as bendable bags, rope, helium balloons, and stray fishing gear, build up in the oceans every year. Synthetic materials stay in the environment for years, killing or injuring ocean species, like whales and turtles, which mistake litter for food or get conglomerate in it. Ghost fishing by lost nets not only kills innocent ocean creatures but also reduces fishers catches. waxy is not biodegradable and therefore affects the oceans for long periods of time. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and die from internal freeze downages. Seals and sea lions starve after being muzzled by sixpack rings or entangled by nets.Effects of Marine Pollution on Living Marine ResourcesTens of thousands of chemicals are used to m eet societys scientific and economic needs. Marine pollution is not only attributed to oil and chemical spills, but much of the debris and toxic substances affecting marine animals, in actual fact, originate on land. Pesticides, plastic bags, balloons, butt joint butts, motor oil, fishing line, find their way into local waterways either though direct dumping, through storm drains (whatever is left on streets, parking lots, can be wash into storm drains which lead directly to local waters), or through hygienic sewers, affecting living marine resources.The time taken by a few common types of litter to biodegrade is given in Table 5.14. ii basic ways by which chemical contaminants can affect living marine resources areBy directly affecting the exposed organisms own health and survival, andBy contaminating those resources that other species, including humans, may consume.Researchers have been studying this dual impact of contaminants using a variety of marine organisms ranging from bottom-dwelling invertebrates and fish to species such as salmon and marine mammals. These biological effects includeDiseases such as liver lesions in bottom fish,Decreased reproductive success in bottom fish,Impaired immune competence in anadromous fish, andGrowth impairment in invertebrates.Marine pollution can have serious economic impact on coastal activities and on those who exploit the resources of the sea. In most cases such damage is caused primarily by the physical properties of these pollutants creating nuisance and hazardous conditions.Table 5.14. Degradation time of materialsMaterials conviction to degradeMaterialsTime to degradeTin cans50 years wool1 yearPainted wood13 yearsPlastic rings400+ yearsNewspaper6 weeksPlastic bottles450 yearsPaper towels2 4 weeksAluminium cans200 years spendable diapers450 yearsMonofilament line600 yearsPolystyrene foamIndefiniteCardboard2 monthsImpact on coastal activitiesContamination of coastal amenity areas is a common feature of many sp ills leading to creation disquiet and stop with recreational activities such as bathing, boating, angling and diving. Hotel and restaurant owners and others who gain their livelihood from the tourist trade can also be affected.Oil and chemical spills can adversely affect industries that rely on a clean supply of seawater for their normal operations. If substantial quantities of floating or sub-surface pollutants are drawn through intakes, contamination of the condenser tubes may result, requiring a reduction in output or total shutdown.Simply, the effects of marine pollution are caused by either the physical nature of the pollutants themselves (physical contamination and smothering) or by their chemical components (toxic effects and accumulation leading to tainting). Marine life may also be affected by clean-up operations or indirectly through physical damage to the habitats in which plants and animals live.The main threat posed to living resources by the persistent residues of sp illed oils and water-in-oil emulsions (mousse) is one of physical smothering. The animals and plants most at risk are those that could come into contact with a contaminated sea surfaceMarine mammals and reptiles.Birds that feed by diving or form flocks on the sea.Marine life on shorelines andAnimals and plants in Mari finale facilities.Subsequently the inability of individual marine organisms to reproduce, grow, feed or get along other functions can be caused by prolonged exposure to pollutants, if not eventual death. Sedentary animals in shallow waters such as oysters, mussels and clams that routinely filter large volumes of seawater to extract food are especially likely to accumulate oil components and harmful chemicals, poisoning consumers.In addition to that, birds, whales and other marine creatures often mistake cigarette butts (which find their way into the waters) for food. The butts contain small plastic pieces that can interfere with the digestion of food, casing marine l ife to starve. Monofilament fishing line can be lethal to seals, sea lions, fish and other animals. Many marine species, including seals, herring, gulls, sharks, and shellfish have died or suffered injuries from plastic bags, nets and monofilament fishing lines.Impacts on specific marine habitatsThe impact that marine pollution can have on selected marine habitats are given below. Within each habitat a wide range of environmental conditions prevail and often there is no clear division between one habitat and another.In coastal areas some marine mammals and reptiles, such as turtles, may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects from contamination because of their need to surface to breathe and to forget the water to breed. The impact of oil on shorelines may be particularly great where large areas of rocks, sand and mud are uncovered at low tide. The amenity value of beaches and rocky shores may require the use of rapid, effective clean-up techniques, which may not be compatibl e with the plants and animals.In equatorial regions, mangrove trees have complex breathing roots above the surface of the organically rich and oxygen-depleted mud in which they live. Oil may block the openings of the air breathing roots of mangroves or interfere with the trees salt balance, causing leaves to drop and the tress to die. Fresh oil entering nearby animal burrows can damage the root systems and the effect may persist for some time inhibiting decolonization by mangrove seedlings.Living corals grow on the calcified remains of dead coral colonies that form overhangs, crevices and other irregularities inhabited by a rich variety of fish and other animals. If the living coral is destroyed the reef itself may be subject to wave erosion.Birds which forgather in large numbers on the sea or shorelines to breed, feed or molt are particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. Although oil ingested by birds during preening may be lethal, the most common cause of death is from drowning, starvation and loss of body heat when their body surfaces are cover with oil.Impact on fisheries and MaricultureThe pollutants in the waters, especially in the case of oil spills can also damage boats and gears used for catching or cultivating marine species. Floating equipment and fixed traps extending above the sea surface are more likely to become contaminated by floating oil whereas submerged nets, pots, lines and bottom trawls are usually well protected, provided they are not upraised through an oily sea surface.An oil or chemical spill can also cause loss of market assertion since the public may be unwilling to purchase marine products from the region regardless of whether the seafood is actually tainted. Bans on the fishing and harvesting of marine products may be imposed following a spill, both to maintain market confidence and to protect fishing gear and catches from contamination.5.6 dissension PollutionNoise usually means unwanted salubrious of appreciable intensit y which goes on for a length of time (seconds to hours) that irritates people. The ring may emanate from factories, offices and market place, roads (traffic-related), running and shuttling of trains, landing and take-offs of aircrafts at airports, use of chinchyspeakers in meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. When the quality and the intensity of the stochasticity is practically constant (varying less than 5 dBA) over an appreciable time (seconds or longer), it is often called steady-state go. The first reaction to any form of unwanted punishing is annoyance, followed by irritation, restlessness and extreme reaction. Since noise travels through air, all forms of noise are considered as polluting air and noise is considered as an air pollutant.Sound is defined as a pull variation that the human ear can detect. Just like dominoes, a wave motion is set off when an element sets the nearest particle of air into motion. This motion gradually spreads to adjacent air particles furthe r aside from the source. Depending on the medium, operate propagates at different speeds. In air, sound propagates at a speed of approximately 340 m/s. In liquids and solids, the propagation fastness is greater, 1500 m/s in water and 5000 m/s in steel.Compared to the static air insistency (105 Pa), the audible sound pressure variations are very small ranging from about 20 Pa (20 - 10-6 Pa) to 100 Pa. The sound pressure level of 20 Pa corresponds to the clean persons threshold of hearing. A sound pressure of approximately 100 Pa is so loud that it causes pain and is therefore called the threshold of pain. The ratio between these two extremes is more than a million to one.Sound pressure level alone is not a reliable indicator of loudness. The oftenness or pitch of a sound also has a substantial effect on how humans will respond. While the intensity (energy per unit area) of the sound is a purely physical quantity, the loudness or human response depends on the characteristics of the human ear.A direct application of linear scales (in Pa) to the measurement of sound pressure leads to large and unwieldy numbers. Therefore, the acoustic parameters are conveniently expressed as a logarithmic ratio of the measured value to a credit value. This logarithmic ratio is called a dubnium or dB. Using dB, the large numbers are converted into a manageable scale from 0 dB at the threshold of hearing (20 Pa) to 130 dB at the threshold of pain (100 Pa). Some examples of common noise and their hahnium levels are given in Table 5.16.The decibel scale is open-ended. 0 dB or dBA should not be construed as the absence of sound. Instead, it is the more often than not accepted threshold of best human hearing. Sound pressure levels in negative decibel ranges are inaudible to humans. On the other extreme, the decibel scale can go much higher. For example, gun shots, explosions, and rocket engines can reach 140 dBA or higher at close range. Noise levels approaching 140 dBA are n earing the threshold of pain. Higher levels can trim back physical damage on such things as structural members of air and spacecraft and related parts.Table 5.16. Equivalent sound levels in decibels normally occurring inside various placesPlaceLeq (decibels)Small Store (1-5 persons)60 mammoth Store (more than 5 persons)65Small Office (1-2 desks)58 moderate Office (3-10 desks)63Large Office (more than 10 desks)67 multifaceted Business63ResidenceTypical movement of people no TV or radioSpeech at 10 feet, normal voiceTV listening at 10 feet, no other activityStereo music40-455555-6050-70How is noise measured?Basically, there are two different instruments to measure noise exposures the sound level meter and the dosimeter. A sound level meter is a doodad that measures the intensity of sound at a given moment. Since sound level meters provide a measure of sound intensity at only one point in time, it is by and large necessary to take a number of measurements at different times during the day to estimate noise exposure over a workday. This measurement method is generally referred to as area noise monitoring.A dosimeter is like a sound level meter except that it stores sound level measurements and integrates these measurements over time, providing an average noise exposure reading for a given period of time such as an 8-hour workday. The dosimeter measures noise levels in those locations in which a person works or spends long intervals of time. Such procedures are generally referred to as personal noise monitoring.Human hearing is limited not only to the range of audible frequencies, but also in the way it perceives the sound pressure level in that range. In general, the healthy human ear is most sensitive to sounds between 1,000 Hz 5000 Hz, and perceives both higher and lower frequency sounds of the same magnitude with less intensity. In inn to approximate the frequency response of the human ear, a series of sound pressure level adjustments is usually applied t o the sound measured by a sound level meter. The adjustments, or weighting network, are frequency dependent.The A-scale approximates the frequency response of the average young ear when listening to most ordinary everyday sounds. When people make relative judgments of the loudness or annoyance of a sound, their judgments correlate well with the A-scale sound levels of those sounds. There are other weighting networks that have been devised to address high noise levels or other special problems (B-scale, C-scale, D-scale etc.) but these scales are rarely, if ever, used in concurrency with highway traffic noise. Noise levels are generated in the A-scale as dBA. In environmental noise studies, A-weighted sound pressure levels are commonly referred to as noise levels.Sources of noiseVarious sources of noise (Table 5.17) are industry, road traffic, direct traffic, air traffic, construction and public works, indoor sources (air conditioners, air coolers, radio, television and other home appliances), etc. In Indian conditions, indiscriminate use of public address system and diesel generator (DG) sets, has given a new-sprung(prenominal) dimension to the noise pollution problem.Noise in Industrial Areas. motorized industry creates serious noise problems, su