Narrative, genre, script Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Narrative, genre, script - Essay Example In the Goblet of fire, the audience follows the life of Harry Potter in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry (Janice, 2013, p67). The book concentrates on the efforts the death eaters; lead by He Who shall not Be Named, to kill Harry during the Triwizard tournament. The books, with those that precede and follow it, all belong to the genre that is speculative fiction. Speculative fiction encompasses all forms of fantastical fiction in literature and arts. The books together with the films target the youth especially children (Victoria, 2011, p38). This is because the characters in the books are all children who later grow up to become adults. Throughout these series, the author narrates the challenges that Harry Potter encounters while growing up to become a wizard (Heilman, 2008, 21). The stories of his friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, are also intertwined with his. This book is halfway in the series and is key in the development of Harry Potter as the main character in the story. The book shows us the first glimpse of Harry as a growing adult who now has responsibilities (Janice, 2013, 73). In film, the characters that play Harry, Ron and Hermione have all grown up since the first instalment of this series. This essay will try to summarize and at the same time criticize this book, which is over seven hundred pages, to try to see if it fulfils the expectation of its alleged genre. Harry Potter, in all essence, is an unlikely hero. This is because of his stature, he has a skinny frame and wears spectacles, together with the fact that he learned about the wizarding world quite late in his life (Heilman, 2008, p93). Furthermore, Harry’s relatives do not appreciate him and often undervalue his prowess as a wizard. The Dursleys, his only surviving family members, mistreat Harry and they are wary of his abilities. The odds stacked against Harry are insurmountable from the beginning of the

Strategies Used for the Gifted and for Those Who Are Developmentally Delayed Essay Example for Free

Strategies Used for the Gifted and for Those Who Are Developmentally Delayed Essay Generally when we talk of individuals with disabilities, the very core or center of concern always falls on individuals with developmentally disorders, physically handicapped, emotionally disorders. We tend to miss out the individuals who are born as â€Å"gifted†. Well for us, as the title says (gifted), being born gifted is more of a blessing than the other way around. But the truth of the matter is, it is not as easy as it may seem to be. If individuals with different kinds of disorders have special needs, so do gifted individuals. It may just be in a different manner, in a dissimilar kind and in a more diverse situation but there still is a special need and this is also need to be properly addressed in the same manner as with the other disabilities. Since both gifted and with disabilities individuals need special needs, corresponding modifications, strategies and adjustments should be done accordingly to be able to suit to their needs thus learning process can occur. Both classroom set up should be designed in accordance to provide optimum conduciveness in learning. Both have its own sets of teaching strategies that would be best effective in each set of exceptionalities. Initially, both gifted and developmentally delayed individuals should be properly assessed based on either a preliminary checklist or assessment obtained from the professionals such as developmental pediatrician or psychiatrist. Obtaining the assessment would help us discriminate or distinguish individuals that are mild moderate and severe. It also goes the same with gifted children, we need to know which are mildly gifted, moderately and highly gifted in order to be able to address their needs more appropriately. Another psychological truth that we need to learn is that most learning occurs when an optimal match between the learner’s current understanding and the challenge of new learning material has been carefully engineered. Choosing an appropriate program for both gifted and developmentally delayed individuals has always been indeed a challenge to anyone. Sets of programs are always done individualistic may it be for gifted individual or individual with developmental delay because both have unique characteristics that make them so personal and different from one another. Moreover, most often than not, the progress programs given to these two exceptionalities are based on their pace. Generally, for the developmentally delayed students the initial step for learning process to occur is behavior modification. Once the behavior is properly addressed, meaning the teacher is able to get the attention and behavior of the student, will the learning take effect. In gifted children, however, the initial step is to discover the child’s area of giftedness and create a program that will attend and enhance farther his special needs. Behavioral modification is not the basic concern at this point except for some social aspect such as coping up with peers older of his/her age. If that case happens, that is the only time that behavior intervention is needed. If teaching methods use for developmentally delayed students are direct instructions and task analysis, thus making tasks as simple and as directly instructed as possible for easier mastery, for gifted students, it is making it more complex and abstract to maintain the student’s interest and be challenged with it. If the gifted students master a particular unit, they need to be provided with more advanced learning activities, not more of the same activity as before. With developmentally delayed students, repetitions of activities and tasks are advisable to be able to incur mastery. Moreover, gifted students’ learning characteristics are best served with thematic, broad based and integrative content rather than just single-subject areas in which are being used in developmentally delayed students. Compacting are used with gifted student to streamline curriculum in order to allow them to move at a quicker pace and have time to pursue in alternate topic while in developmentally delayed students, the (general) task or activity is broken down into pieces of smaller tasks to be able to effectively master the (general) task.

Excerpt from Ventilate :: Ventilate Short Stories Essays

Excerpt from Ventilate Virge, waited impatiently, choking on the thick haze of smoke that was created by illegal tobacco cigarettes. Virge hated the stale smell of cigarettes; he remembered the fit that his mother threw when they banned them. "What did they call them?" he wondered out loud. "Cancer Sticks?" But there was no cameras here, very few people even knew about this place, only people like Virge. He remembered pretending he was a spy when he was younger. He and his parents would go out to dinner and he would insist that they had sit near a wall with a view of the door. Virge did this now, but he had a lot more reason too. The bar had low ceilings painted black. Black pyramids of acoustical deadening material occupied the space in-between the concrete I-beams that supported the floor above. Track lighting with tiny halogen fixtures speckled the ceiling, one per table, giving ample light over the tables but keeping the room dark. This reminded Virge of pictures he had seen of stars in the sky. But they were only pictures; he had never been able to see the stars through the thick haze of pollution that held steady vigil above the city. Old music played in the bar, Pearl Jam, Virge recalled. A band his father, used to play in the car during trips. Sometimes the bar keep Doug, a fat old guy, would announce he was going to educate his patrons with some high culture. This would be followed by some classical music he called the blues. Virge always thought Doug was a fuckchop and he never quite understood that music. Virge was waiting for his agent, Pip. Pip was his connection to the cash paying clients, and he was useful in that respect. Virge didn't trust Pip, he didn't trust anyone for that matter, but he found that blackmailing Pip bought him a lot of loyalty and a level of trust for Pip that he didn't have with anyone else. Finally, Pip slithered into the chair opposite of Virge. "Where the hell have you been!" Pip looked around anxiously; sweat glistened on his forehead. "We got trouble Virge. That stuff you hacked last night has pissed of some really big people." Pip took a deep breath and reached under his coat and pulled out a ziploc bag of hand-rolled cigarettes. "No one would touch it. Excerpt from Ventilate :: Ventilate Short Stories Essays Excerpt from Ventilate Virge, waited impatiently, choking on the thick haze of smoke that was created by illegal tobacco cigarettes. Virge hated the stale smell of cigarettes; he remembered the fit that his mother threw when they banned them. "What did they call them?" he wondered out loud. "Cancer Sticks?" But there was no cameras here, very few people even knew about this place, only people like Virge. He remembered pretending he was a spy when he was younger. He and his parents would go out to dinner and he would insist that they had sit near a wall with a view of the door. Virge did this now, but he had a lot more reason too. The bar had low ceilings painted black. Black pyramids of acoustical deadening material occupied the space in-between the concrete I-beams that supported the floor above. Track lighting with tiny halogen fixtures speckled the ceiling, one per table, giving ample light over the tables but keeping the room dark. This reminded Virge of pictures he had seen of stars in the sky. But they were only pictures; he had never been able to see the stars through the thick haze of pollution that held steady vigil above the city. Old music played in the bar, Pearl Jam, Virge recalled. A band his father, used to play in the car during trips. Sometimes the bar keep Doug, a fat old guy, would announce he was going to educate his patrons with some high culture. This would be followed by some classical music he called the blues. Virge always thought Doug was a fuckchop and he never quite understood that music. Virge was waiting for his agent, Pip. Pip was his connection to the cash paying clients, and he was useful in that respect. Virge didn't trust Pip, he didn't trust anyone for that matter, but he found that blackmailing Pip bought him a lot of loyalty and a level of trust for Pip that he didn't have with anyone else. Finally, Pip slithered into the chair opposite of Virge. "Where the hell have you been!" Pip looked around anxiously; sweat glistened on his forehead. "We got trouble Virge. That stuff you hacked last night has pissed of some really big people." Pip took a deep breath and reached under his coat and pulled out a ziploc bag of hand-rolled cigarettes. "No one would touch it.

Cyber Crime in the 21st century Essay

Examine the key features around the growth, development and policing of cyber crime in the 21st century. The internet was first created in the 1960’s, but it only really started to take off and develop in the last 20 years with big websites such as Google (1998) and YouTube (2005). With the internet developing and people knowing more about it, cybercrime then came about and since then it has grown and gotten more dangerous and more extreme. There are several different types of cybercrime for example one is called cyber violence, this includes stalking and harassment, it can also be bullying people online via social networking sites and chat rooms. Cyber obscenity is another type of cyber crime which is sexual including porn sites. Cyber trespass is the crime of hacking sites and cyber theft is also another cybercrime which is credit card fraud as well as the illegal downloading of movies, music, books etc. Computer hackers are very intelligent, initially they started hacking sites simply because they were able to, and they wanted to explore the sites, at the start it was done just for fun. However it didn’t take long for these hackers to realise their potential and what they could actually be doing, soon it then escalated and they became more educated and more confident in hacking. These hackers could now be described as ‘attackers’. There are a few types of attacks that can be made on a computer. One is Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This is a system set up which sends out a fake email to an individual, it could be to check their password for online banking or make credit card payments etc. It will look very genuine to service users and often many of them fall into the trap. E-Mail bomb is another type of attack that can be made, hundreds of emails are sent to a service in order to shut it down. Another attack is a Trojan Horse, these are attachments sent to people perhaps through email, they may also pop up on the screen. They are very appealing to individuals for example ‘click here for your free iPad’ or ‘you are the 999,999th visitor, click here to claim your free prize’ these are likely to open up viruses. Other types of attacks include Worms, Network Scanning and Key Loggers. Argot is a type of language used for hacking sites and known by all highly skilled hackers. There are three different types of hackers they are; Black hat hacker, white hat hacker and grey hat hacker. 1. Black hat hacker – they are dangerous and highly skilled hackers. They will make it known to people how good they are at hacking and how dangerous they are. 2. White hat hacker – they are usually employed by companies to test the security of their websites. 3. Grey hat hacker – they are very unpredictable and because of this it makes them the most dangerous of all three hackers. Many big website have been hacked such as Yahoo and Play, this is not well known because companies involved do not want the news to be publicised mostly because it would not be good for business as people may think that the website is not safe and will not use it. 22% of the top mobile applications have been hacked. Stalking only became a crime in 1997 and a criminal offence in England and Wales in 2012. Cyber stalking activities include sending repeated, unwanted messages, it could be ordering stuff on behalf of the victims, publicising the victims personal information, spreading false information about the individual and encouraging others to harass the victim. There are 2 types of stalking, direct and indirect. Direct is most common and often starts with an email. Indirect is stalking with the use of billboards and advertisements. In 1999, Ellison carried out research on Working to the Halt of Abuse Online 2000 and found that 39% of stalkers began contact with the victim via email. Only 1% of stalkers didn’t use the internet to first get in contact with the victim. Stalkers are likely to be an ex-partner, however half of all stalkers aren’t known by the victim. There were websites set up for people to stalk there ex partner online, they were called ‘Avengers Den’ and ‘Get Revenge On Your Ex’ they were designed so people could crush their ex-partners self esteem and they could fake SMS them. 87% of cyber stalking victims are young women (Working to the Halt of Abuse Online). Only 50% of cyber stalking activities are reported to the authorities. There are three groups of cyber stalkers; Simple Obsessional, these stalkers have been in a relationship with the victim, the victim has tried to call it of but the stalker refuses to accept it and becomes obsessed with the victim. Love Obsessional, these are stalkers who haven’t had a relationship with the victim but they believe that themselves and the victim have a special connection. Erotomaniac stalkers believe that the victim is deeply in love with them, it can be messages through the media that lead them to believe this. (Melroy, 1996; Mullen et al., 1999) Cybercrime violence has links with terrorism. Cyber terrorism is when an attack is made against a person or property. Cyber terrorism can even be causing a person to be fearful of being harmed. Al Qaeda which is an international terrorist organisation which began in the late 1980’s has been on the internet from the late 1990’s. These Al Qaeda sites may only be on the web for a matter of hours before they are shut down, however they are soon replaced by another one. There were an estimated 5,600 sites as of January 2008 and 900 appearing each year (Weimann 2008). Policing Cyber Crime: Cybercrime has no limits and it can be uncontrollable, there are so many crimes committed online it is hard to keep track of all them. Also it is difficult to see a pattern in cybercrimes. Cybercrime is still developing, there are more viruses every day, it is the fastest moving type of crime. This may be because many people may be committing cyber crime without knowing it, for example people may not know when they are downloading music illegally. Cyber crime is growing and growing. The internet’s characteristics make cybercrime policing very hard, especially hackers, they are so skilled and make sure they do not get caught. There are state funded public police organisations set up to help police cybercrime and put a stop to it. There are also state funded non police and non public policing organisations. ISPs are set up as well as internet users forming groups to protect themselves from cybercrime. There are specialist units in place for policing cybercrime for example Europol which is the European law enforcement agency and Interpol which is the world’s largest policing agency with 109 countries involved. They connect policing communities to make the world safer. Forensic Investigation Units, CID/ Fraud Squad, Computer crime units and child protection units are specialist units that deal with cyber crime. The aim for the future is to bring in some form of legislation that cuts down on cyber crime and also to stop cyber crime from starting in the first place. To conclude the internet has proven to be very dangerous and cyber crime is developing rapidly. People have to be extremely careful while using the internet and not fall into the hackers trap. Warren, P and Streeter, M (2005). Cyber Crime. London: Vision Paperbacks. 1-19, 19-45, 45-72.

Appex Corporation Analysis

Fastest growing high-technology company in United States Revenues grew 1600% between 1987 and 1990 As of April 30, 1990 – 172 employees: 153 salaried and 19 (Hourly compensated) Hire rate: 10 new people every month Cellular Telephone Industry High growth industry Roaming – 10% of total subscriber revenues Papers Products & Services CICS – 60% of the revenue IS -? 40% of the revenues – 75 customers, 250 markets in IS. S. , 34 markets in Canada Marketing: Cellular Business, Mobile Phone News (Magazines), Monthly Newsletter Challenges faced by Shirker Gosh when he joined Apex:Everybody did things on their own time, attitude towards customers: â€Å"We'll call you back† No formal business procedures Decisions -? Key Executives People had particular expertise, but everybody did anything people did whatever interested them Nobody had any sense of their JDK Structure – Informal & Fluid Employees – Focused, Committed, Hardworking Worked in clo se interaction, Responsive & Effective Innovative technical solutions Project based, Continued the structure when the projects increased Quick Cash spend and no Expense monitoring Atmosphere changing from Entrepreneurial to ChaoticFire-fighting every day, No underlying planned structure Anything a week away had no priority Operation Sequence: Brian (Ideas) C Michael (Reality) 0 Allen (Sales) Mark (Money) Attrition due to chaotic environment Customer Complaints: NO response, technical assistance requests not addressed Increased demand could not be handled Fall behind schedule, miss installation dates, failures in product development – No Information Flow No Financial planning, No recruitment planning Solution: System of Accountability and Structure, Defined areas of responsibility Innovative Structures:Circular Structure: Concurrent circle expanding out from middle circle. (Innermost) Senior executives C Managers & Employees (Functions) Customers (Environment) Non-hierarchical organization in which information flowed continuously and freely within organization and between the organization and the customers (environment) Failure: a. Employees could not relate and were completely unfamiliar b. New hires didn't know how to fit c. Power structure, Decision making power, Performance evaluation – all grey areas d.Completely geared towards responsiveness and planning oriented asks failed e. â€Å"A mentality developed that the customer was the enemy' Horizontal Structure: Traditional vertical structure transposed in sideways Failure: a. Employees unenthusiastic Need for Control through traditional hierarchical structure. Hierarchy kcal, Functional Structure: Functions organized as 5 teams: Sales/Marketing, Software Development & Services, Engineering & Technology, Operations, and Financier HER & Admit.Issues: How many distinct teams, Who should head, Responsibilities now and after growth Diagram: (which minimized the sense of hierarchy) Horizontal for f unctions reporting to CEO Gosh), displeased the board of directors Titles given informally, but people cared a great deal about the titles, desk locations – Start of Company politics Succeeded in focusing on completion of tasks System of accountability was in place Heads started creating sub-functions Popularization of teams Inhibited working relationships, increasing expenses Personalities arose, Standards set up by individuals rather than company policies The ‘Ego Box' Meeting Source of Authority: Functional, not managerial expertise Difficult to measure managerial expertiseNeed for broader functional expertise: Reshuffling, Hiring, Promoting and Demoting Emerging need of the company – Quality control instead of fire- fighting by the â€Å"great Band-Aid† people Paul Godsons: Product Teams, Functional teams informed about product happenings on a daily basis No system specified who had the authority to make which decisions Conflict between Product manager s and Operations Product teams did not know where their authority ended Senior executives attended meetings, but needed time for their main responsibilities No systems to set priorities about how resources should be allocated among the team Business Teams -? Intermediaries, representatives from Senior management, Authority in decision, resource allocation Shortcomings: a) More tail than tooth b) Escalating Infrastructure Costs c) Customer Focus Diminished d) Less concerned with Company goals, No P&L accountability, ‘Who-cares† Attitude Divisional Structure: 2 Broad Divisions: Inter Carrier Services (CICS) & Cellular Management Information Systems (IS) Operations: Utility functions that serviced both divisions HER.

The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction The WritePass Journal

The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction Introduction The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 in the context of utilitarian and retributive theories on punishment Introduction was passed by the UK Parliament in order to introduce measures conducive to the reform of the criminal justice system. Amongst the most important measures introduced by the Act, it is possible to mention the greater amount of discretion given to the court system in order to grant conditional discharges to youths entering a guilty plea for first offences as well as the tougher conditionalities imposed through the expansion of the youth rehabilitation order system (Sprack, 2012: 9). In addition, the legislation expands the provisions made for the punishment of hate crimes and makes ‘squatting’ a criminal offence. Furthermore, it severely curtails the scope under which legal aid may be granted. In this essay I will concentrate on analysing the legal provisions of LAPSO from the standpoint of the retributive and utilitarian theories of punishment. Summary and background Section 142 of LAPSO creates new offences to cover those who have a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon with them in a public place or school premises and go on to threaten a person with it in such a way as to cause immediate risk of serious physical harm to that person. The Government’s aim in creating the new offences was set out by Ministers during the passage of the legislation through Parliament: Knives on our streets are a social scourge. That is why the unlawful possession of a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon is already a serious criminal offence carrying a maximum custodial sentence of four years. Clause 1131 goes further than those possession offences. Our aim, through the clause, is to send a clear message to those in possession of a bladed or pointed article or offensive weapon, that if they then go on to threaten and cause an immediate risk of serious physical harm to another person they can expect an automatic custodial sentence (Hansard 13 October 2011: Column 803). The new offences are designed to strengthen the existing legislative framework by targeting behaviour that amounts to more than simple possession, but does not go so far as resulting in the injury of the victim (for which other existing offences would apply). The offences under this section will apply in England and Wales; be triable either way, and subject to a maximum penalty of 4 years’ imprisonment on indictment (or, where the offender is under 18, a 24 month Detention and Training Order (by virtue of the Sentencing Act 2000, s101(1)). Key to meeting the aim of the provisions is that the courts are required to impose a minimum custodial sentence of 6 months for adults or a detention and training order of at least 4 months’ duration for 16 and 17 year olds (unless there are particular circumstances relating to the offence or offender which would make it unjust to do so in all the circumstances). Section 143 of LAPSO creates a new offence of causing serious injury by dangerous driving, punishable by up to five years imprisonment. Dangerous driving is currently an offence under section 2 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (The â€Å"RTA 1988†) and attracts a maximum penalty of two years’ imprisonment. In addition, causing death by dangerous driving under section 1 of the RTA 1988 attracts a maximum penalty of 14 years’ imprisonment. There has long been pressure for change in road traffic law to close a perceived ‘gap’ in sentences between the current two year maximum for dangerous driving and the 14 year maximum for causing death by dangerous driving. The new offence responds to road safety campaign groups, victims and their representatives who have called for increased sentences to be made available for those who cause serious injury by driving dangerously. Parliament responded to need to protect the public by instituting the new offence of causing serious injury by dangerous driving targets, extending sentencing powers at the most serious end of the spectrum of dangerous driving incidents. That will be reflected in the higher maximum penalty of five years’ imprisonment. The new offence will be committed when a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place causing serious injury to another person. In England and Wales, the test for ‘serious injury’ will be the same as for ‘grievous bodily harm’. For the purposes of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, grievous bodily harm (GBH) has been given the accepted definition of ‘really serious harm’. The offence will apply to Scotland as to England and Wales. However, as Scottish law does not contain the same definition of GBH, the test for serious injury will be the same as that applied by Scottish courts to â€Å"severe injury’ as that applied to â€Å"severe injury† in agg ravated assault cases. The tests proposed will ensure that there is parity as to the severity of harm required in order for the offence to be made out (LAPSO, 2012, Section143). The new offence will be triable either way and subject to a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment, or a fine, or both. The maximum penalty on summary conviction in England and Wales will be six months’ imprisonment or a  £5,000 fine, or both. In Scotland (due to the different allocation of business between the summary and solemn courts) the maximum penalty on summary conviction will be 12 months’ imprisonment or a  £10,000 fine, or both. In both jurisdictions, the maximum sentence on conviction on indictment will be five years’ imprisonment or an unlimited fine, or both (LAPSO, 2012, Section 143). The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 and the concepts of retributive and utilitarian punishment The concept of retributive justice is based on the assumption that stipulating a proportionate amount of punishment serves as an efficient way to deal with the spread of crime. It is assumed that when an individual offends, s/he is giving up his/her right to enjoy equal treatment (Moore, 1997: 59). Consequently, a retributive punishment is enforced in order to take away the right to equal treatment from the offender. This punishment theory is differentiated from notions of vigilante or revenge justice, since the imposition of punishment is dependent on the performance of a wrongdoing on the part of the individual, in accordance with established procedural norms (Nozick, 1981: 366). It is plain to see that the provisions of LAPSO in regards to dangerous driving and the carrying of the possession of offensive weapons have a retributive aspect in mind. The retributive notion of punishment would look at the provisions of this legislation as an instrument to rectify the advantage unfairly obtained by the perpetrator when s/he committed the crime (Whitehead and Lab, 1998: 321). It could be argued that there is a notion of responsibility which has been significantly eroded in modern society, which makes it easier for drivers to be reckless when driving and for criminals to be more audacious about carrying offensive weapons. In this context, the provisions of LAPSO are geared towards recalibrating the balance between wrongdoing and desert when ascertaining the right type of punishment. It is important to add that the retributive perspective sees punishment as a social good which redresses the economic and social effects that crime has on individuals.   From this perspective, it could be posited that retributive punishment reduces the scope for vigilante justice as society is likely to be more satisfied with the end of result of the criminal justice process; geared towards punishing those who break the norms and legislation validated by the social contract (Moore, 199 7: 55).   The sentencing philosophy which seems to guide this piece of legislation is geared towards ensuring that punishment is, at the very least, partially scaled in order to redress the infringement of rights suffered by the victims. It could be postulated that the promulgation of this provisions by Parliament adhere to the principle of retributive punishment by scaling the notion of justice to the need to ensure that the transgressor is punished in equal proportion to those who suffered from the wrongdoing (Kant in Ezorsky (ed.), 1972: 103). Utilitarianism takes a close look at the consequences generated by the actions of the offender and how these impact on a particular social group (Corlett, 2008: 19). Questions of rightness are wrongness are evaluated by utilitarianists according to a putative point of equilibrium between good and bad that arises from particulars actions undertaken by individuals.   In the context of punishment theory, this principle applies when considering whether a particular sentence would produce the greatest level of happiness for society at large.   This is of particular relevance to the punishment meted out against offenders found guilty of the crimes specified in Section 142 and 143 of LAPSO. The rationale behind the introduction of this legislation adheres to some of the parameters delineated by the utilitarianist theory of punishment. In essence, the drafters of the legislation prioritised the need to protect the population from reckless drivers and weapon-carrying criminals, which could have potentially detrimental consequences for the social order (Smith, 2008: 32).   Although the utilitarianist principle tends to look at the notion of punishment as inherently evil, inasmuch as it causes suffering for the individual who committed the offence, the retribution imposed by the legislation has to be examined within the context of the social good that derives from preventing the practice of dangerous driving and the carrying of offensive weapons (Bentham, 1948: 129). The sentencing rationale behind the legislation purports to look at the issue of crime from the standpoint of preventing potential offenders from inflicting harm upon society. By doing so, the Act ensures the happiness of the greatest number and a general reduction of harm (Smith, 2008: 30). There have been attempts to establish a middle ground between both concepts of punishment. It has been postulated that punishment should only be carried out when the implications of doing so does not produce a negative outcome (Hart in Hart (ed.), 1968: 25). Whilst this view makes provisions for question of desert and justice, as it is not intrinsically opposed to the idea of punishing crimes, it also allows room for the examination of the potential consequences of punishment. This has important societal connotations, since communities are increasingly demanding a larger amount of protection from the evils of crime (Garland, 2001: 48). It would appear that this notion provides a useful framework of reference in the evaluation of the provisions attached to the Act. Whilst adopting a distinct utilitarianist approach, the Act seems to be worded in a manner which denotes a close examination of the potential consequences of being too profligate with the amount of punishment stipulated for the offences that it deals with (Hallsworth and Lea, 2011: 157). Conclusion In conclusion, it could be argued that the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 includes a measured dosage of retributive and utilitarianist notions of punishment to its sentencing philosophy. To being with, the Act scales the concept of punishment to the need to ascertain that the offender received an amount of punishment which is proportionate to the suffering caused to the victim of the crime (Kant in Ezorsky (ed.), 1972: 104). At the same time, the provisions included in the legislation also seem to have a utilitarianist perspective, inasmuch as it attempts to induce ‘the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people’ by ensuring that the Act reduces the spectrum of harm caused by offenders. The wording included in the legislation suggests that the drafters examined the potential consequences of the Act by making reference to the need to protect society from harm (Garland, 2001: 57). Nevertheless, it could be concluded that the stipulations included in the legislation are framed for the purposes of ensuring that the sentencing philosophy which underpins it is not conducive to generating unintended negative consequences for the wider societal spectrum. Bibliography Bentham, M., ‘Squatting to become a criminal offence’, Evening Standard (London), 1/5/2012 Bentham, J. (1948) The Principles of Morals and Legislation, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, NY Bowcott, O., Cost of youth crime rises to  £1.2bn a year, The Guardian, 1/12/2010 Corlett, J. (2008) Responsibility and Punishment, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY Criminal Justice Act 1988 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33/contents Davis, M. (1992) To Make the Punishment Fit the Crime, Westview Press, Boulder, CO Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control: crime and social order in contemporary society, Oxford University Press, Oxford Hallsworth, S. and Lea, J. (2011) Reconstructing Leviathan: Emerging contours of the security state, Theoretical Criminology, Volume 15, Number 2, May 2011, pp. 141-157 Hansard, 13/10/2011: Column 803 Hart, H. (1968) Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment in Hart H. (ed.) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford University Press, New York, NY Hitchens, P. (2003) A Brief History of Crime, Atlantic Books, London Hudson, B. (2003) Understanding Justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory, Open University Press, Buckingham Kant, I. (1972) Justice and Punishment in Ezorsky, G. (ed.) Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment State University of New York Press, Albany, NY Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO), HMSO, London Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 -Explanatory notes www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/10/notes/contents Moore, M. (1997) Placing Blame- A General Theory of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford Nozick, R. (1981)  Philosophical Explanations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Prevention of Crime Act 1953 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/14/contents Road Traffic Act 1988 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/contents Smith, P. (2008) Punishment and culture, Chicago University of Press, Chicago, IL Sprack, J. (2012) A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure, Fourteenth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the Poor: the neoliberal government of social insecurity, Durham, NC Whitehead, J. and Lab, S. (1998) Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, Anderson Publishing Co., Cincinnati, OH

Delegation for Managers

Delegation for Managers Free Online Research Papers Delegation is important for a manager or supervisor to avoid burnout and have the ability to complete a project thoroughly by established timelines. Managers and supervisor may avoid delegation because they may believe they are the only person capable of completing the task or they are afraid that they will not be needed, if other can complete the task. â€Å"When you delegate you farm out a task, however you are still responsible for managing its satisfactory and timely completion.† (â€Å"The Importance of Delegation†, Author, Krissy Jackson) To delegate a task you should first decide who would be best to complete the job. Clearly state the objective and deadlines for the project. Putting the objectives and deadlines in writing will help the employee have a reference of what you discussed about the project. Give the employee access to any needed materials, such as memos and supporting documents. You should follow up on the project to be sure the employee understands the assignment and deadlines are being met. Also, be sure to make yourself available to the employee for questions to clarify any part of the assignment. Most importantly, make sure you give regular feedback and praise to support the employee’s efforts. In order to be successful at delegation, you should realize that not everyone will complete a task in the same manner you would, be open to ideas, be a good communicator, accept that people make mistakes, and you must never lose your temper. Coach the employee through mistakes and misunderstanding and use an open dialog, rather than give orders and just point out mistakes. â€Å"Though delegation is one of the most difficult skills for a leader to acquire, it can be very successful and rewarding.† (National Collegiate 4-H, Delegation, collegiate4h.org/clubdevelopment/delegation.asp) I am currently in my second management position. The first position I held was as a supervisor of solid waste. In my position there, I often delegated many of the previous supervisor’s tasks out to the assistant supervisor. I was able to focus on other tasks that lead to an increased profit for the department. My director and town council appreciated my efforts and understood that I needed to delegate tasks in order to move on to other tasks. Once I completed and implemented procedures, I often was able to delegate them. In my second position as administrative services manager for a manufacturing company, the president of the company does not delegate well. I started delegating task to the administrative assistant and other office personal. Once, I had the time, I started a newsletter and other promotions for the company. I also created a new customer database that was more efficient and user friendly than our current Excel spreadsheet, which listed over 8,000 customers. The new tasks I had taken over where the president of the company’s responsibility and he had never let anyone else handle them before. The president’s main objective when he hired me, was for the administrative services manager to handle these task. Though I had full approval to write the newsletter and take over the other tasks, my boss couldn’t let them go. Once I had written something, he would hold on to it for weeks and by the time he was ready for me to send it out, the material was not relevant. The president is a bottleneck. Projects get stuck in his office because he feels as though he has to do everything. The consequence is that he loses customers because he cannot keep up with their requests and there is a high employee turnover because employees fell as thought they are not important or a part of the organization. Delegation can help a company create a good work environment for employees and can assist the company helping them increase customer satisfaction. If manager are able to delegate work, they are able to concentrate on development and their customers without delegation, managers are tied up in the small details, which can be handled by another employee. It is in a manager’s and the company’s best interest to teach and learn delegation skills. References: 1. Articlesbase, â€Å"The Importance of Delegation†, Author, Krissy Jackson, Career Coach, September 9, 2007, articlesbase.com/outsourcing-articles/the-importance-of-delegation-215012.html 2. National Collegiate 4-H, Delegation, collegiate4h.org/clubdevelopment/delegation.asp Research Papers on Delegation for ManagersThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Describing Non-Disabled Children as Typical

Describing Non-Disabled Children as Typical Typical, or Typically Developing is the most appropriate way to describe children who are not receiving special education services. Normal is frankly offensive since it implies that a special education child is abnormal.  It also implies that there is a single norm for children.  Instead, it is preferred to refer to children without disabilities as typical because they have the behavior, intellectual ability and functional skills we would typically see in children of their age. How Mental Disability Used to be Defined At one time, the only measure of whether a child was disabled was how he or she performed on a measure of Intelligence, known as an IQ Test. Describing the intellectual disability of a child was defined by the number of IQ points below the mean of 100 a child would fall.  20 points was mildly retarded, 40 Points was severely retarded.  Now, a child is to be considered disabled if her or she fails to respond to intervention, or RTI.  Instead of performance on an intelligence test, the childs disability is defined by his or her difficulty with grade appropriate academic material. How to Define Typical A Typical child would perform within a standard deviation of the mean of all childrens performance.  In other words, the distance on either side of the mean that represents the largest part of the curve of the population. We also can benchmark the social behavior of typical children as well.  The ability to talk in complete sentences, the ability to initiation and maintain conversational exchange are behaviors, behaviors for which speech language pathologists have created norms.  Oppositional defiant behavior can also be compared to the behavior expected of a child of the same age without disruptive or aggressive behavior. Finally, there are functional skills which children typically acquire at certain ages, such as dressing themselves, feeding themselves and typing their own shoes.  These can also be bench marked for typical children.  At what age, does a child child tie his or her shoes?  At what age does a child typically cut his or her own food, using both hemispheres. Typical is especially appropriate when comparing a typically developing child with a child on the autism spectrum.  Children with autism spectrum disorders have a great many language, social, physical and cognitive deficits.  In many cases they are related to developmental delays that children with autism experience.  It is often in contrast to typically developing children that we can best describe the needs of special education children. These students are sometimes referred to as Regular Education Students or General Education Students. Example of How to Use the Word   Ms. Johnson looks for as many opportunities as possible for her students with severe cognitive challenges to engage their typical peers.  Typical children encouraged the children with disabilities while at the same time modeling age appropriate behavior.

Annotated Bibliography Strategic Management Literature review - 1

Annotated Bibliography Strategic Management - Literature review Example The author credits that business plan and a business idea will make a company or business achieve its goals. A personal conclusion is that cost leadership or product differentiation, which would result in added value to the product or good offered to the buyer creating room for high incomes and profit. The author tries to show how people critically think to build a successful business and that is the author gives a hint on the successful ways and that is by having a business plan. The author classifies management as the school of thoughts that show management in different institutions. Mintzberg own proposal for the basic values of strategic management is criticized by using the identical criterion. The intended audience by the writer is business and people who intend to get into the business venture. The author’s purpose of the work was the show strategy paradigm where the typical planning focus for the firm prepares the financial budget with a time perspective of 12 months. The credibility of the author is that strategic management aim is to create, affirm aim and do data analysis in order to identify issues arising in the organization (Hill, et.al 2009). Special features include the collection of data entails making efforts of collecting data from other organization and even carrying out reviews from the outside environment and this is quite unique. The author concluded that survival, practical goals and operational goals must be enhanced by stakehol ders. The author’s conclusion of the work was the strategy paradigm creates good financial management.A personal conclusion is that strategic paradigm is a way of performing financial management that grows the company’s economy and growth. A theme of the study was to focus on how business is run by the microcomputer and these are the relationships that are accorded in business. Weaknesses are the challenging factors that an organization will face, altering the smooth flow of production strategies.  

Task4 accounting manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Task4 accounting manager - Essay Example This report may help the management to look into the real reasons for such variances and control them. These are all the accounting functions which every organization has to undertake for future accountability. In addition to these, continuous improvement of service has to be embarked upon. The firm has never given any thought towards such performance improvement. Of these functions, only some direction has been derived towards strategic decisions that too because of the expected economic downturn. That means the firm is falling short of decision making in financial management terms. The company has thought upon implementing the strategy of cost leadership. However, on checking through the cost incurrence, there is a variance of 10%. The budgeted costs amounted to 70% of revenue whereas the actual expenses expanded up to 80%. This means that the strategy was not taken up seriously. Once the service terms get standardized, there will be less possibility of variances in the costs. At the same time, the cost leadership strategy can be achieved on a long term basis without any compromise on the service standards. A look into the financial report and the cash flow statement clearly states that the firm has surplus cash in hand. That means it is not making ultimate use of its available funds. If it goes for some financial management planning by acquiring new machinery, the funds would be well utilized for future low cost benefits. To implement any plan in any organization, it needs to be well communicated to all its stakeholders. They need to be explained about the shortfalls in the current management. Slowly, along with accounting management, even financial management processes have to be taken up. Once effective communication has been taken up, quick actions to implement those plans are to be initiated. The stakeholders should not find a fault that the

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts - Essay Example fer to the visual arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, decorative arts, crafts, and other visual works that combine materials or forms. We also use the word art in a more general sense to encompass other forms of creative activity, such as dance, drama, and music, or even to describe skill in almost any activity, such as â€Å"the art of bread making† or â€Å"the art of travel.† In this article art refers to the visual arts.† Thus, relying on this definition, an investigation of the various art forms and mediums as made available via the internet ensues in an effort to apply the definition accordingly. To define â€Å"painting,† and randomly selecting from the many endless URLs available, it is the personal site of artist Jennifer Hauri, found at URL location http://www.jenniferhauri.com/?src=overture where the definition given above is used in an effort to describe the work of Hauri. First, Hauri’s site is different in that it begins with preparing the viewer’s mood by offering a soothing music and sound effects that only a trained ear might identify as being either the rainforest or the African jungle. Upon entering, it is a surprise to find that in the selection of Hauri’s work – belying her biographical information – is the category title â€Å"Afghani.† Right away statements appearing on the first page let the viewer know that Hauri’s work, mixed media of oil, acrylic, oil pastels and charcoal; are going to be an expression of the artist’s emotions. â€Å"Art is contemplation and an enjoyment of the mind that see ks to search nature and recreate it with a vision,† is but one of several thoughts that artist wants the viewer to be aware before entering the galleries. The first gallery, again, titled â€Å"Afghani,† is a compilation of works in various media depicting the artist’s interpretation of Afghanistan, the people, the Muslim. It stems from an emotional depth, expressing the artist’s perceptions in works

Why Human Resource Is Dead Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Human Resource Is Dead - Article Example The idea of thinking of employees as capital assets is antiquated but for many, it’s not enough to simply talk about how HR is changing and what the new role of HR is. Companies are dropping the term â€Å"human resources† altogether and are shifting towards more â€Å"people-centric† terms. Titles such as chief people officer, VP of people operations, head of talent, chief talent officer, and others are becoming more commonplace and titles such as Chief Human Resource Officer are starting to fade away. This isn’t a new thing, some companies have had these titles and departments for several years already but now that the conversation around the future of work has taken center stage, I’ve seen this transition accelerate dramatically. It might sound superficial, after all, simply calling the same function something else doesn’t mean anything will change. Consider Cisco’s recent change of their Chief Human Resources Officer Francine Katso udas to Chief People Officer. Many other examples of this change exist at companies all over the world, here are a few: Laszlo Bock is SVP of People Operations at Google, Susan Chambers is EVP of the Global People Division at Walmart, Pat Wadors is the SVP of the Global Talent Organization at Linkedin, Anne Byerlein is the Chief People Officer at Yum! Brands and the list go on and on. I don’t view renaming the department as any kind of solution but I do see it as the first stepping stone for an organization to commit to making the change.

Disney Summer Internship Training Program Evaluation Essay

Disney Summer Internship Training Program Evaluation - Essay Example Reaction – This is how the learners reacted to the learning process. The reaction in this case might be positive or negative. 2. Learning – This step tries to gauge the level at which the learners acquire knowledge and skills. 3. Behavior – This step seeks to find out what changes in the job performance were as a result of the learning process. 4. Results – this step concerns itself with finding out the results that arise from the learning process in terms of increased efficiency of operations and improved production and quality. (Kirkpatrick, 1959) This model is relatively important as it provides a valuable tool in the process of planning, trouble shooting and evaluation. But though this level is used for training purposes, the model can also be used for other applications in the learning processes such as informal learning, education and development (Nadler, 1984). Kirkpatrick wrote that his objectives would be related to the traditional classroom progr ams, the most general form of training. He further stated that many of the procedures and principles can be applied to all manner of training activities that includes participation in outside programs, performance review, planned instruction, and the comprehension of selected books (Craig, 1996). This paper would seek to evaluate the Disney Internship training program plan. In the paper, the plan will be weighed according to Kirkpatrick's model to find out what changes should be made to the plan, if the objectives of the plan were achieved, the strength and weaknesses of the plan, to identify the people that should participate in future programs, what participants benefited the most and what changes, if any, should be made to the program to make it better. The objective of this training plan is to increase the quality of service provided by interns through the dissemination of knowledge to them that they can use and apply to their workplace to improve their efficiency and productivi ty. Another objective of the plan would be to increase the number of students who would come back to the organization to work as full time employees. This is because, after the intern training program, they would have been introduced into the working world and trained as full level employees. Further, the plan will introduce a seminar course so as to enable the interns to share in the culture of Disney. This is whereby the interns will be introduced to the various activities that go on in the organization. This will fast track their intake into the work force of the organization, boosting their individual confidence and the overall performance of the organization. The plan would also enable the interns to network with the managers and high level employees of Disney and this will open up even more opportunities for them. The training methods in this training plan will include the use of the standard in-class training alongside other techniques of training including the use of simulat ions, behavior modeling, mentoring, on the job training and job rotation. These various methods of training will aid the intern in mastering the necessary skills required for the job. These methods of training will guide an individual more comprehensively as it seeks to not only impart the knowledge needed, but also to give a hand on approach to tackling the job. Using this plan will improve the efficiency of the intern in retaining the skills imparted. Job

Why Human Resource Is Dead Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Human Resource Is Dead - Article Example The idea of thinking of employees as capital assets is antiquated but for many, it’s not enough to simply talk about how HR is changing and what the new role of HR is. Companies are dropping the term â€Å"human resources† altogether and are shifting towards more â€Å"people-centric† terms. Titles such as chief people officer, VP of people operations, head of talent, chief talent officer, and others are becoming more commonplace and titles such as Chief Human Resource Officer are starting to fade away. This isn’t a new thing, some companies have had these titles and departments for several years already but now that the conversation around the future of work has taken center stage, I’ve seen this transition accelerate dramatically. It might sound superficial, after all, simply calling the same function something else doesn’t mean anything will change. Consider Cisco’s recent change of their Chief Human Resources Officer Francine Katso udas to Chief People Officer. Many other examples of this change exist at companies all over the world, here are a few: Laszlo Bock is SVP of People Operations at Google, Susan Chambers is EVP of the Global People Division at Walmart, Pat Wadors is the SVP of the Global Talent Organization at Linkedin, Anne Byerlein is the Chief People Officer at Yum! Brands and the list go on and on. I don’t view renaming the department as any kind of solution but I do see it as the first stepping stone for an organization to commit to making the change.

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate Assignment

Sales & Sales Management in this current climate - Assignment Example Internationally, the profitability of the traditional banking activities has been declining on the past few years. This has been accompanied with massive growth in the financial market owing to globalization of the market, increasing innovation and technology, abundance of new financial products and adoption of enhanced risk management strategies. These developments have enabled the international financial industry to experience immense growth even in the face of decline in the traditional services profits. The Bank of Ireland Finance (BIF) offers various finance packages for its clients. The introduction of the motor finance service by the bank has greatly contributed to its growth. This product is not regulated by the central bank policies allowing for the bank to be flexible. The Irish economy has experienced tremendous growth for the past 15 years. This has created an opportunity for the banking industry to offer improved services and products to the market. The motor finance service is a product by the bank that lends money to their clients to pay for their motor vehicles. This product offers the client the advantage of acquiring the vehicle without liquid cash. They are thus able to repay the loan in installments at an interest. The innovation of such services has lead to the development and growth of the banking industry in Ireland. The banking industry has undergone tremendous growth with the globalization of the market. The formation of the European Union market for the banking sector has increased competition in the market. Furthermore, other lending firms in Ireland have come up increasing the competition facing the bank of Ireland. The increased competition is accompanied by a change in the consumer needs. This has prompted the banks to offer other services in order to retain it market position (Best, 2012). However, this industry has been facing various challenges facing some of the

Medicines and drugs Essay Example for Free

Medicines and drugs Essay A drug or medicine is a chemical that alters incoming sensory sensations, mood or emotions, or physiological state. Painkillers, hallucinogens and alcohols are examples of drugs and medicines that alter incoming sensory sensations. Prozac and alcohol alter mood or emotions Steroids, cigarettes and heart medicines alter physiological state, including consciousness, activity level or coordination. Drugs such as antiseptics, antibiotics and antivirals are infection fighters; hormones and vitamins affect body chemistry or metabolism; stimulants, depressants, analgesics and anesthetics affect the central nervous system and the brain. It is also important to understand that the human body has great natural healing processes; some drugs just increase the rate of natural healing. Also, there could be a placebo effect, it is when a pharmacologically inert substance that make seems to help because the person taking the substance was told that it would work. Placebo effect is examined by giving sugar pills to one group of tests patients, and real drugs to another group (when they are not aware of which they receive). B.1.2: Outline the stages involved in research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products. This takes a very long time and costs a fortune, and is often controlled by the government. Before drugs are tested on humans, they must be testing on various animals (start with small animals and then go to bigger ones). The range of effective doses, the doses in which side-effects arise and the lethal doses have to be determined. There are 3 phases then; clinical trial; clinical evaluation (more in depth analysis); human studies with more evaluation, Very few drugs make it to the market, and the development would have cost a lot. Sometimes, things can still go wrong, like Thalidomide. It was given to pregnant women to treat morning sickness, but it cause deformities in babies! Now it is still used, but to treat skin sores. B.1.3. Describe the different methods of administering drugs * Oral: Very convenient. However, it might not be reliable as the rate of absorption depends on drug concentration, stomach content and pH value. As most is absorbed in the small intestines, so the drug must survive the gastric acid. Therefore it often lays in time release capsules. * Rectal: Good when drug cannot be taken orally due to vomiting or because the drug is pH sensitive. * Inhalation: Rapid, as there are loads of blood vessels in the lungs, and therefore a drug would have a reliable effect. Good for general anaesthesia, and asthma medicine. * Parental o Just below the skin; slower than for intravenous. Used often for dental injections o Into muscles; for large doses, or when immediate response is not needed (vaccines etc). o Intravenous; almost instantaneous, but cannot be undone when injected! Fatty lipids may bind some kinds of drugs, so the drugs wont leave the body so fast The half life of a drug is the time for half the dose in the body to be eliminated. B.1.4. Discuss the terms lethal dosage (LD50), tolerance and side effects. LD50 is the lethal dose for 50% of the population; and it varies a lot from drug to drug. When one is tolerant, then one has to take a larger dose in order to feel the wanted effects. Some people after often use of a drug becomes dependant on it; physically (they must have it to be able to function physically) or psychologically (they must have it to feel right). Tolerance doesnt necessarily mean that one gets used to the harmful effects. Sometimes it is hard to know the difference between main effect and side effect. A drug has many effects, and some patients benefit from a few of those effects; then those are the main effects, and all the other are side effects. Someone else, with another disease may benefit from other effects, and then those become the main effects. There are always harmful effects too. The risk : benefit ratio should also be considered. B.2.1. State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases. Bases, most often metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are used as antacids. These react with acid in the stomach to adjust the pH value. The purpose of gastric acid is to kill off bacteria, and help in digestion. However, over-eating or stress stimulates more production of acid, causing discomfort. The active ingredients tend to be; this react only with HCl: Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium Hydroxide: Aluminium Hydroxide: Calcium Carbonate: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: Magnesium Trisilicate: Some of the products; Carbon dioxide is a gas. So a foaming agent has to be added to prohibit excessive belching. Also alginates are used, to prevent acid reflux. If too much antacid is used, the stomach becomes too basic, and that hurts too; then more antacid might be wrongly taken. This leads to alkalosis. B.3.2. Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) Salicylic acid is used as an anti-pyretic (fever reducer) and mild analgesic (painkiller), but it is a strong acid and hurts the stomach and mouth; so variations of salicylic acid was used. One is Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) or Aspirin, which has the benefits of salicylic acid and does not irritate so much due to the acetyl group. When ASA reacts with water, it becomes salicylic acid, and the by-product of ethanoic acid. GOOD: It is good for killing minor pain, reducing fever, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent and prevents abnormal blood clot. BAD: Upsets stomach and bleeding; allergy; accidental poisoning in infants and Reyes syndrome. Acetaminophen is also an anti-pyretic and analgesic. However it does not upset the stomach and is safe. However, overdose can still occur and lead to liver and brain damage. And it is not anti-inflammatory. Ibuprofen is like aspirin and cause fewer stomach problems. It is anti-inflammatory and is very safe. B.3.3. Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and the semi-synthetic opiate heroin. These are strong analgesics and are often called opiates, narcotics or narcotic analgesics. The major pain relieving substance originates from the opium poppy plant is sleep inducing and pain relieving. All three share the same skeleton. Remember the group C2H3O2 is called an acetyl group. B.3.4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics. These affects: The Central Nervous System, the Eye and the Gastrointestinal tract (the digestive system) They are used as: Strong analgesics (severe pain from injury and chronic diseases); treatment of diarrhoea, relieve coughing. However they are very addictive and are rather replaced with something else. They also produce mood changes, drowsiness and mental clouding. Tolerance can arise by adaptation of the liver and neurons in the brain. Some people cant function without the drug, feeling restlessness, sweating, fever, chills, vomiting, aches etc due to abstinence of the drug. There is often severe psychological dependence too (one might feel extremely depressed).à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Short term effects: Sedation, stupor, pain relief, euphoria, reduced tension, worry, couching reflex. One might die of overdose. Long term effects: Loss of appetite, sterility, withdrawal illness, crime, diversion of energy. B.4.1. Describe the effects of depressants Tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics, which calm and relax; they slow down heart rate and breathing. Tranquilizers include alcohol, Valium and Librium and are weaker than the others. These relieve anxiety and tension. Sedatives: Barbituates that soothe distress without producing much sleep in small doses. Hypnotics: Like chloral hydrate. These induce sleep. Too much can lead to coma or teach. B.4.2. Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol. Social effects: Major costs from alcohol are from sickness and death, as in hospital treatments and lost efficiency. Property crimes and crimes against people; drinking while driving. Physiological effects: Harmful to relationships, and may physically or emotionally harm others. One may lose control and develop dependence and tolerance. It increases blood pressure when drinking and nausea, sweating and anxiety as withdrawal of use. Short-term effects: CNS depressant reduces tension. It triggers Euphoria, Talkativeness, Dilation of blood vessels, Violent behaviours, Inertia, Coma, Death. Long term effects: Cirrhosis, liver cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, gastritis, low birth mass etc. Alcohol can be used for antiseptics such as mouthwashes. B.4.3. Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath of in the blood or urine. Ethanol passes from the stomach into the blood and therefore it passes into the lungs and ethanol vapour is formed. The breathalyser test might involve a redox equation with potassium dichromate: as oxidizing agent. Color change: Red-Orange to Green The gas liquid chromatography works as follows: Small samples of gases and volatile liquids such ethanol are separated. These are pushed through a column using an unimportant gas, such as Nitrogen gas and different gases take different time to come to the detector, where concentration of gases are measured. Intoxilyzer, Infra-red spectroscopy: Infra-red energy make molecules vibrate. Different types of bonds absorb and vibrate at different infer-red frequencies. By measuring how much energy is not absorbed by the molecules, one can find the number of certain bonds in the molecules. B.4.4. Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs. Alcohol is easily absorbed in the stomach, so drugs that can be dissolved in alcohol will be absorbed much quicker, and the dosage will seem higher as in normal conditions the liver removes a part of the drug. So performance of the drug is enhanced and may lead to devastating effects such as death, especially if alcohol is combined with barbituates. Alcohol with aspirin increases the risk of stomach bleeding. B.4.5 . List other commonly used depressants and describe their structures. Valium (diazepam) is a tranquilizer, Mogadon (Nitrazepam) is a hypnotic drug (used to control seizures and infantile spasms), Prozac (hydrochloride) is an anti-depressant drug used to treat mental depression. Diazepam and Nitrazepam have similar carbon skeletons meanwhile Prozac is different. B.5.1. List the physiological effects of stimulants. Stimulants are chemicals that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system. It is the opposite of a depressant. These increase alertness. Examples are amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine. B.5.2. Compare amphetamines and adrenaline They both derive from the phenylethylamine structure, and therefore look similar. Furthermore, amphetamines mimic the effects of adrenaline (they are sympathomimetic drugs), as they constrict arteries and thus increases sweat production. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and insomnia. Medical uses: Treat mild depression, narcolepsy and asthma. They use up the bodys reserve energy and can lead to a collapse. B.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption. Tobacco is a source of nicotine which is a mild stimulant with a short lived effect. The response is followed by depression and thereby makes one pushed to use it more often. Short-term: Increase in heart-rate and blood pressure. It constricts blood vessels and therefore strains the heart. Nicotine also reduces urine output. Long term effects of nicotine: It stresses hard and may lead to heart diseases and blood clot; May lead to increase of fatty acids in the blood. Smoking leads to more carbon monoxide in the blood making the blood less able to carry blood. It also increases the gastric acid production and may lead to ulcer. Smoking causes: Cancer in lungs and mouth; heart and blood vessel disease; breathing difficulties and chronic bronchitis; air pollution; fires; bad teeth; insomnia. B.5.4. Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine. Caffeine stimulates the respiratory system (more energy is available from respiration), so heart and brain gets more energy. So one becomes more alert, motivated and well-being. In small amounts in is rather harmless, but too much causes insomnia. One gets more urine as well. Caffeine leads to some tolerance but no physical addiction. It can be given to babies to help their breathing. It also constricts blood vessels and therefore helps against migraines. Both caffeine and nicotine contain a tertiary amine group. Caffeine has more of those though. B.6.1. Describe the historical development of penicillins. In 1928, Fleming accidentally saw that some types of fungi killed off a certain bacterium and started to try to isolate the fungi, but it was too hard to purify it. In 1940, Floray and Chain continued with penicillin testing and development, and in 1943 it was available clinically. The first penicillin was Penicillin G. However it was deactivated by stomach acid so it had to be injected. Acid resistance penicillins such as penicillin V was developed by modifying the side chains of the basic penicillin structure. Some bacteria could deactivate penicillin G by synthesising an enzyme, therefore one had to make other synthetic penicillins. 6-APA penicillin is inert, but an extra amino group H2N would activate it. B.6.2. Compare broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics A broad spectrum antibiotics is effective against a wide variety of bacteria. Examples are tetracyclines. Narrow ones are effective only against certain types of bacteria; most penicillins are narrow spectrum antibiotics. One often has to determine the bacterium before getting antibiotics, because a broad-spectrum one can kill beneficial bacteria and give discomfort. B.6.3. Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side chain. The cell walls of some bacteria are composed of polysaccharides, and these layers are supported by cross-links. However, penicillins interfere with the formation of these links and therefore weaken the structure. The bacteria can easily burst. Animals cells dont have these cell walls and are therefore not affected. It is important to modify the side chain to work against bacteria have evolved and are able to break down certain types of penicillin. Side chains are also added to make the penicillin work (as for the 6-APA) and to survive the gastric acid (Penicillin G) B.6.4. Discuss and explain the effect over prescription of penicillins has, and the use of penicillins in animal feedstock Repeated use may lead to allergic reactions. They can also wipe out harmless and beneficial bacteria in the food canal, and harmful bacteria might eventually replace these. Bacteria can become resistant against certain antibiotics and then pass on their immunity. In feedstock: They are used to kill dangerous pathogens which may otherwise endanger humans and animals. They are also used to increase productivity. However, this increases the chances that bacteria might become resistant. B.7.1. State how viruses differ from bacteria Bacteria are relatively large single cell microorganism with DNA strands. Viruses are noncellular and are much smaller and are not living. They can only reproduce within a host cell. B.7.2. Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work * Block the transfer of genetic information * Control by inoculation, vaccines. * Block the enzyme activity in a host cell, so that the virus cant use it to replicate. B.7.3. Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem HIV molecules bind to proteins on T-type of white blood cells and hinder them from fighting infections by inactivating them. HIV virus is good at mutating and together with their similarities with human cells, it is very heard to treat with antiviral drugs and vaccines. B.8.1. Describe the importance of geometrical isomerism in drug action. Stereoisomers are isomers with the same molecular formula and the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space. Geoemetric isomers have different physical properties such as polarity, boiling point, and solubility etc. They may also undergo different t chemical reactions although their functional groups are identical. For example cisplatin is en effective anti-cancer drug (as it may enter the nucleus of a cancerous cell), but the trans-isomers is inactive in such purposes. B.8.2. Discuss the importance of chirality in drug action. Optical isomers differ from geometric isomers in two ways: * Optical isomers are chiral (asymmetric) * Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other One optical isomer rotates the plane polarized light one direction, meanwhile its other isomer rotates it the other way. An equi-molar mixture of two enantiomers means a 50-50 ration and will not totate the plane of polarised light at all; this is a racemic mixture. Penicillin V is active, but its enantiomer is inactive. One enantiomer of Thalidomide could be used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women and was marketed as a racemix mixture, but its other enantiomer gave foetal deformities. B.8.3. Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomer. It is very heard to separate racemic mixtures into separate enantiomers, as they have identical chemical properties in relation to non-chiral reagents. Instead, scientists use stereospecific synthesis to produce only one kind of enantiomer. Chiral auxiliaries are used to convert non-chiral molecules into a desired enantiomer by attching itself chemically to the non-chiral molecule so that only one type of enantiomer can be formed. After the procedure the auxiliary can be recycled. This is used when synthesising Taxol which isa drug effective against breast cancer. B.8.4. Explain the use of combinatorial chemistry to synthesise new drugs. This is when one creates lots of molecules and test them quickly for biological properties; one starts with a set of basic chemicals which are then combined in all possible combinations, and this allows a fast production of many different molecules, increasing the chance of finding better drugs. A library is a collection of compounds that are screened to determine their usefulness as a drug, using parallel synthesis (identical processes with many different molecules at the same time). B.9.1. Compare local and general anaesthetics in terms of their modes of action Local anaesthetics block the pain in specific areas when they are injected under the skin or used as a crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½me. Examples are cocaine, procaine, benzococaine, lidocaine etc. These block local nerve transmissions and decrease blood supply to that area. Procaine and lidocaine do not affect the brain, meanwhile cocaine does. General anaesthetics affect the brain and produce unconsciousness. But it is easy to reverse the unconsciousness. Examples are nitrous oxide, diethyl ether, chloroform, cyclopropane and halothane. B.9.2. Compare the structures and effects of cocaine, procaine and lidocaine. All three have the benzene ring and the tertiary amine. Cocaine also stimulates the central nervous system. It constricts blood vessels which leads to high blood pressure, and cant be safely used. Although it doesnt produce withdrawal symptoms and tolerance, it produces a strong psychological addiction. An overdose suppresses heart and respiration. Cocaine has a very short half life as it is metabolized by the liver fast, and is poorly absorbed when taken orally. Procaine gives prolonged relief from pain which is good for surgery and dental procedures. It is non-toxic and non-irritant. Lidocaine is used topically to produce numbness. It is more potent that procaine, but may cause swelling and itching. B.9.3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide, ethoxyethane, trichloromethane, cyclopropane and halothane. Nitrous oxide is not very potent, and makes one feel good Trichloromethane is nonflammabe, but leads to liver damages. Narrow safety margin Ethoxyethane alleviates the pain in surgery well, but it is very flammable and nonstable. Cyclopropane is a very potent anaesthetics, however it forms explosive mixtures with air and is very flammable. It also causes vomiting and nausea. Halothane is widely used as it is not flammable and one may recover fast from it. It doesnt irritate the respiratory tract. However, it takes time to become unconscious. It is potentially harmful to the ozone layer as it produces chlorine and bromine free radicals. B.9.4. Calculate the partial pressures of component gases in an anaesthetic mixture The partial pressure ratios of the total pressure equal the molar ratios of different gas molecules. It is important to have enough oxygen in the anaesthetic mixture so that the patient can live. At least 20% oxygen is needed B.10.1 Describe the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin and tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychadelic drugs like these alter the mind and produces a change in thought, perception or mood and induce vivid fantasies. Colors seem more brilliant for the user. There are the effects of the mentioned mind altering drugs: LSD: This is a powerful hallucinogen that strongly magnifies perception and may destroy the sense of judgment. No physical addiction, and not very strong psychological dependence. Mescaline: Color hallucinations which last 12 hours. Psilocybin: Similar to LSD, especially at high doses, but at low doses produces relaxation. Shortlasting; 4 hours THC: Milder drug similar to alcohol. At larger doses, changes in perception occurs sees bright colors and gets sharper hearing. May get extreme anxiety, depression, uneasiness, panic attacks etc. There is no tolerance, but could lead to psychological dependence. B.10.2 Discuss the structural similarities and differences between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. LSD and psilocybin both have the Indole ring (Heterocyclic amine compound where the nitrogen atom is part of a ring). However, mescaline includes the benzene ring but not the indole ring; it does have a primary amine. Serotonin also has the indole ring. B.10.3 Discuss the arguments for and against the legalization of cannabis. Cannabis offers relief from symptoms from AIDS, cancer and glaucoma. Marijuana may increase the appetite, and relieves nausea. Cannabis helps terminally ill patients to relieve tension and anxiety. Marijuana relieves pressure inside the eyeball for glaucoma patients. However there are many bad sides to it too. Smoking marijuana may lead to lung problems and may suppress the immune system. It might lead to decreased fertility for men and cause brain damage and birth defects. Users may also start using harder drugs too. Users of prohibited drugs need to obtain it from criminal sources and may therefore be forced into crime to support their habit. It damages the society a lot.

Knowledge, Skills and Values in Social Work Assessments

Knowledge, Skills and Values in Social Work Assessments Outline the key areas of knowledge, skills and values required to carry out an effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment. Illustrate your answer from one of the following areas of professional practice: Mental Health The key areas of knowledge, skills and values which are required to carry out an effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment within the are mental heath have been set out within the various theories of social work assessment and involve engagement, effective communication skills, good inter-personal skills, non judgemental viewpoints, planning skills, confidence, experience, knowledge of the service user’s case history and an informed approach to assessment of users (Williams, (2002) 1) (Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) 14). This list is by no means exhaustive and it certainly is the case that there are some skills which merely require common sense and a pragmatic approach to the practice of social work assessment (Cree, V. (2003) 40) (Payne, M. and Shardlow, S. (2001) Ch. 1). From the writer’s perspective, specifically within the area of mental health, these skills arguably need to be more attuned in the social worker who wishes to carry out effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment. The social worker within the area of mental health will also require a firm knowledge base of the ways in which mental illness may manifest itself, and therefore the social worker will be able to identify the symptoms of common mental illnesses such as depression, bi-polar disorder, schizophrenia and others more readily and accurately. In this sense a combination of a good knowledge of the theory and practice of mental health social work will be essential tools for the social worker who wishes to be able to carry out effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment. An effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment in the area of mental heath is a complex process which requires an understanding of the complex socio-legal environment that the social worker often operates within (Beckett and Maynard (2005) 46). This means that the social worker will need to be familiar with the various regulatory and legal frameworks within which they must operate (Higham (2006) Ch 1) (Beckett, C. (2006) Ch. 1) (Davies, M. (2000) 1-20). The social work care ethos is also increasingly making the role of the social worker more onerous and this viewpoint is supported by the presence of more prescriptive practice guidance in the area (Beckett, C. (2006) 4) (General Social Care Council (2006) 1). The Department of Health has issued specific policy guidance in the area and in particular the policy guidance which is of relevance here is that which relates to vulnerable adults and the mentally ill. The General Social Care Council, which was set up in 2001[1], has is sued guidance and codes of conduct for social workers outlining these frameworks and the context in which they should be adhered to, and this is particularly highlighted by the General Social Care Council themselves through their website (http://www.gscc.org.uk). Other bodies such as the Social Care Institute for Excellence have conducted sociological research which has shaped these contexts and frameworks. Within the sphere of mental health care assessment, the Social Institute for Excellence has issued guidance on how the needs of mentally ill older people should be assessed and they have given the following advice about mental health care assessment: ‘Everyone has mental health needs, though only some people are diagnosed as having a mental illness†¦.older people are more likely to experience events that affect emotional well-being, such as bereavement or disability†¦.Health and social care professionals should carry out an assessment of the needs of†¦people they are working with, which means talking†¦about†¦health and any illnesses or disabilities†¦finding out†¦any problems†¦. (www.scie.org.uk)’. This above mentioned guidance has made the position of social worker more complicated. This rationale particularly applies to the area of mental health, because the skills needed to deal effectively in this area require an ability to relate to people across a whole spectrum of ages. In this sense, anti-oppressive and effective social work assessment is key. However, what are the ingredients of an effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment? Perhaps this is a question which invites an extremely broad response, which is open to subjective interpretation. Nevertheless, it is possible to argue that planning and effective assessment are two of the most important competencies when it comes to social work assessment. This is the case, perhaps primarily because the law requires the social worker to be aware of the legal duties which they owe to mentally ill and other patients (General Social Care Council (2006) 1). However, the assessment of mentally ill patients is often associated with a minefield of difficulties. One piece of legislation which is relevant in this regard is the Mental Health Act 1983 which is often instrumental to social workers in their efforts to deliver appropriate care within the area of mental health. However, this piece of legislation places legal responsibilities upon social workers as well as other social care professionals who deliver frontline services to mentally ill people. It is a controversial piece of legislation and it is also regularly invoked by professionals within the field of social care. This makes the responsibilities which are owed by social workers to their service users even more crucial, and it makes good values such as understanding, non-judgemental behaviour and views and honesty even more important within the sector of social work assessments. It is the case that many controversial issues come to light when the Mental Health Act is invoked in the interests of a mentally ill user who lacks the mental capacity to care for themselves. Firstly, there is the issue of deprivation of liberty by virtue of the Mental Health Act, and a social worker will often be asked for their opinion in the execution of the provisions of the Mental Heath Act, or they will be required to support service providers such as doctors who may not know a patient as well as the social worker does. This legislation allows for a mentally ill person to be ‘sectioned’ and brought to an institution against their will in order to receive treatment for mental health problems. In this particular regard, the principles of effective and anti-oppressive social work assessment are very important, not least because the input of social workers will often be considered key where a doctor or other senior health care professionals will be required to invoke p owers under the Mental Health legislation. A mentally ill person often may not appreciate what care is best for them, and interventions are often necessary to deliver the care that is required. However, this power of intervention can be abused, misused and conversely it may negligently not be invoked when it should have been. This is where effective communication and interpersonal skills are pivotal to the social worker who wishes to carry out an effective assessment. The powers which may be affected under the Mental Health Act require the support of two of more health care professionals, one of whom must usually be a doctor. This means that the social work must be capable of communicating their opinions on the most sensible intervention, the service user’s history and background, to the various actors who will be involved in the process whereby the need of a mentally ill person will be assessed (Scottish Executive (2006) Section 1.3) (Hill, M. (1991) Ch. I) (Philpot, T. (1998) 1-10). Communicating their opinions may n ot always be a direct process, which is why social workers are often required by law to keep adequate records and case histories of their contact with vulnerable people in their capacity as social workers, so that information can be communicated to other professional actors who need to rely upon it through record keeping. On another level and in terms of communication and interpersonal skills, the social worker must also be able to communicate with the service user themselves. This is particularly difficult for the social worker, as they will often be the first individual who will be informed that a mentally ill service user is perhaps in need of the intervention of social care providers. In this context, and from the personal point of view of the writer, planning the interaction between social worker and service user through reading the background and case history of the person involved, if this information is available will be pivotal. This process is all the more difficult as the service user may lack any communication, and or inter personal skills. Mental illness is often a very absorbing process, and the service user may also be frightened or delusional, and consequently not capable of effective or any communication. Therefore the social worker’s communication and inter personal skills are often tested immeasurably within the context of a mental health care assessment, and are crucial tools if assessment is to be carried out effectively and anti-oppressively. The interpersonal and communication skills which are needed must also be non judgemental, and this is very important if an anti oppressive assessment is to be carried out. The social worker must be prepared to distance themselves personally from the situation, and not to take any unwarranted criticism from the service user with mental health too personally. The person will inevitably feel very threatened by interventions from outside agencies and actors, and this will often lead to an angry reaction from the service user involved. It must also be remembered that communication between social worker and user may not always be through language, and therefore a calm outlook on life, as well as confidence and experience are also key factors which must be considered by the social worker who wishes to carry out appropriate assessments. These factors will often be picked up on, even sub consciously by the mentally ill service user, who may feel more threatened if they feel that the person wh o approaches them to assess their needs is not entirely confident of their own abilities. In conclusion therefore, there are many skills which are critical when the needs of a mentally ill person are to be assessed and these may often be described in terms of knowledge, skills and values. This essay has argued that out of all the competencies that a social worker must have, communication skills, interpersonal skills, record-keeping and planning are arguably the most important. Sound values and skills such as administrative and managerial skills are also pivotal, but this essay has argued that without good communication skills, in particular a social worker’s ability to carry out effective and anti-oppressive assessments will be compromised. Bibliography Books Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Values and Ethics in Social Work. Publisher: Sage Publications. Place of Publication: UK. Beckett, C. (2006) Essential Theory for Social Work Practice. Publisher: Sage Publications. Place of Publications: UK. Cree, V. (2003) Becoming a Social Worker. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: UK. Davies, M. (2000) The Blackwell Encloyopedia of Social Work. Publisher: Blackwell. Place of Publication: Oxford, UK. Higham, P. (2006) Social Work: Introducing Professional Practice. Publisher: Sage Publication. Place of Publication: London, UK. Hill, M. (1991) Social Work and the European Community: Social Policy and Practice Contexts. Publisher: Kingsley Publishers. Place of Publication: UK. Payne, M. and Shardlow, S. (2001) Social Work in the British Isles. Publisher: Kingsley Publishers. Place of Publication: UK. Philpot, T. (1998) Caring and Coping: Guide to Social Services. Publisher. Routledge. Place of Publication: UK. Articles Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) Strategy for Social Work and Social Care. Publisher: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust. Place of Publication: UK. General Social Care Council (2006) GSCC Welcomes Healthcare Professional Regulation Reviews. Publisher: General Social Care Council. Place of Publication: UK. General Social Care Council (2006). Social Worker Cautioned Following Hearing in London. Publisher: General Social Care Council. Place of Publication: UK. Scottish Executive (2006) The Need for Social Work Intervention. Publisher: Scottish Executive. Place of Publication: UK. Williams, C. (2002) A Rationale for an Anti-Racist Entry Point to Anti-Oppressive Social Work in Mental Health Services Critical Social Work, 2002 Vol. 3, 1. Websites http://www.scie.org.uk/news/mediareleases/2006/200406.asp http://www.gscc.org.uk/Good+practice+and+conduct/ Footnotes [1] (under the Care Standards Act 2000).

Che Guevara Timeline :: essays research papers

SHORT CHRONICLE OF A REVOLUTIONARY 1928 June 14, Ernesto Guevara was born in the city of Rosario, Argentina. 1932 Guevara's family moved to Alta Gracia, province of Cordoba, Argentina 1948 Ernesto Guevara traveled around the Argentinian provinces. 1951 December; he left for Chile and Peru with his friend Granado. Guevara lived for a short time in the leper colony of Huambo. Then he continued his journey to Bogata and later to Caracas. 1953 Back in Buenos Aires, he finished his studies in medicines. After that, he left for Bolivia with another friend, Ferrer. They planned to go to Venezuela, passing through Peru and staying for some time in Guayaquil, Ecuador. They met others Argentinians and decided to go to Central America. They travelled through Panama, Costa Rica and Guatemala. There, Guevara met Hilda Gadea, whom he would marry with later, in Mexico. Guevara got in touch with Peruvian exiles. 1954 June; invasion of Guatemala against Arbenz's goverment. Guevara had to escape to Mexico, where he met Cuban exiles. 1955 July; he met Fidel Castro who told him about his plans to invade Cuba. He joined the group and started his military training. 1956 December 2; disembarked on Cuba's south coast. December 18, the 12 survivors started the first guerrilla in the Sierra Maestra. 1957 June; Che was named commander. By the end of the year, the war in Cuba entered the decisive stage. Guevara was requested to make the journal Cuba Libre in the mountain range. 1958 December 29; Che's column fought its final battle and overtook Santa Clara. December 31, president Fulgencio Batista escaped to Santo Domingo. 1959 January 2; triumphal entrance of Che and Camilo Cienfuegos in La Habana. February; Che is declared Cuban born. On June 2, he married Aleida March. From june till august, Che travelled through Africa, Asia and Yugoslavia. On October 7, Fidel Castro named him head of the Industry Department in the Agrarian Reform's National Institute. On November 26, he is named president of the National Bank. 1960 Che finished his book "Guerra de guerrillas"("Guerrilla warefare"), published under the responsibilty of the Rebel Department's Instruction Deparment. Its first edition is censored all over Latin America. On July 26, during the First Latin America Youth Congress, Che defined the Cuban revolution as a marxist one. In October, he wrote "Nota para el estudio de la revolucion cubana" ("Notes for the studies about Cuba's revolution"), in which he reviewed the revolution's stages. From October 21 to Febrary 1961, he traveled to the socialist countries (in particular, to China, Czechoslovakia and the USSR) as part of a commercial delegation. 1961 On February 23, he was named Minister for Industry and he quit the National Bank's presidency.